Effect of Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) on Hyperlipidemia and Insulin Resistance in Fructose-Fed Rats (original) (raw)

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of an anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats. Rats fed fructose diet for 4 weeks exhibited significantly higher plasma insulin levels and lower insulin sensitivity than the control rats fed AIN-93G diet. Dietary supplementation with the anthocyanin-rich extract (5 g/kg of high-fructose diet) prevented the development of fructose-induced insulin resistance. After fructose-induced insulin resistance had been established, 4-week treatment with the anthocyanin-rich extract (5 g/kg of high-fructose diet) or pioglitazone (270 mg/kg of high-fructose diet) ameliorated the glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia, but the extract failed to reverse the fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia as pioglitazone did. In addition, rats supplemented by the extract exhibited lower oxidative stress than the fructose-fed controls, as indicated by the lower concentrations of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and blood oxidized glutathione. Overall, these results suggest that the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice improves certain metabolic abnormalities associated with diets high in fructose.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1.

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AREBR:

Anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice

AUC:

Area under the curve

BW:

Body weight

FFA:

Free fatty acid

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GSSG:

Oxidized glutathione

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HF:

High fructose

HOMA-R:

Relative-value of homeostasis model

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TC:

Total cholesterol

TG:

Triglyceride

References

  1. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ (2005) The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 365: 1415–1428.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  2. Gill H, Mugo M, Whaley-Connell A, Stump C, Sowers JR (2005) The key role of insulin resistance in the cardiometabolic syndrome. Am J Med Sci 330: 290–294.
    Article Google Scholar
  3. Maki KC (2004) Dietary factors in the prevention of diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease associated with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 93(11A): 12C–17C.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  4. Fujioka K, Greenway F, Sheard J, Ying Y (2006) The effects of grapefruit on weight and insulin resistance: relationship to the metabolic syndrome. J Med Food 9: 49–54.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. Baxter AJ, Coyne T, McClintock C (2006) Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome - a review of epidemiologic evidence. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 15: 134–142.
    Google Scholar
  6. Bridle P, Timberlake CF (1997) Anthocyanins as natural food colors — selected aspects. Food Chem 58: 103–109.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Kowalczyk E, Krzesinski P, Kura M, Szmigiel B, Blaszczyk J (2003) Anthocyanins in medicine. Pol J Pharmacol 55: 699–702.
    CAS Google Scholar
  8. Ling WH, Wang LL, Ma J (2002) Supplementation of the black rice outer layer fraction to rabbits decreases atherosclerotic plaque formation and increases antioxidant status. J Nutr 132: 20–26.
    CAS Google Scholar
  9. Xia M, Ling WH, Ma J, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J (2003) Supplementation of diets with the black rice pigment fraction attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. J Nutr 133: 744–751.
    CAS Google Scholar
  10. Hu C, Zawistowski J, Ling WH, Kitts DD (2003) Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems. J Agric Food Chem 51: 5271–5277.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  11. Xia XD, Ling WH, Ma J, Xia M, Hou MJ, Wang Q, Zhu HL, Tang ZH (2006) An anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice enhances atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Nutr 136: 2220–2225.
    CAS Google Scholar
  12. Tsuda T, Horio F, Uchida K, Aoki H, Osawa T (2003) Dietary cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside-rich purple corn color prevents obesity and ameliorates hyperglycemia in mice. J Nutr 133: 2125–2130.
    CAS Google Scholar
  13. Jayaprakasam B, Olson LK, Schutzki RE, Tai MH, Nair MG (2006) Amelioration of obesity and glucose intolerance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice by anthocyanins and ursolic acid in Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas). J Agric Food Chem 54: 243–248.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  14. Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ (2002) Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 76: 911–922.
    CAS Google Scholar
  15. Hwang IS, Ho H, Hoffman BB, Reaven GM (1987) Fructose-induced insulin resistance and hypertension in rats. Hypertension 10: 512–516.
    CAS Google Scholar
  16. Ding SY, Shen ZF, Chen YT, Sun SJ, Liu Q, Xie MZ (2005) Pioglitazone can ameliorate insulin resistance in low-dose streptozotocin and high sucrose-fat diet induced obese rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 26: 575–580.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC (1993) AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A Rodent Diet. J Nutr 123: 1939–1951.
    CAS Google Scholar
  18. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28: 412–419.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  19. El-Saadani M, Esterbauer H, El-Sayed M, Goher M, Nassar AY, Jurgens G (1989) A spectrophotometric assay for lipid peroxides in plasma lipoproteins using a commercially available reagent. J Lipid Res 30: 627–630.
    CAS Google Scholar
  20. Griffith OW (1980) Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine. Anal Biochem 106: 207–212.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  21. Guenther B (2004) Free fatty acids as target for therapy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 11: 258–263.
    Article Google Scholar
  22. Baynes JW, Thorpe SR (1999) Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes 48: 1–9.
    CAS Google Scholar
  23. Houstis N, Rosen ED, Lander ES (2006) Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance. Nature 440: 944–948.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  24. Faure P, Rossini E, Lafond JL, Richard MJ, Favier A, Halimi S (1997) Vitamin E improves the free radical defense system potential and insulin sensitivity of rats fed high fructose diets. J Nutr 127: 103–107.
    CAS Google Scholar
  25. Lebovitz HE, Banerji MA (2004) Treatment of insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pharmacol 490: 135–146.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  26. Xia M, Hou MJ, Zhu HL, Ma J, Tang ZH, Wang Q, Li Y, Chi DS, Ling WH (2005) Anthocyanins induce cholesterol efflux from mouse peritoneal macrophages: the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma}-liver X receptor {alpha}-ABCA1 pathway. J Biol Chem 280: 36792–36801.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  27. Dresner A, Laurent D, Marcucci M, Griffin ME, Dufour S, Cline GW, Slezak LA, Andersen DK, Hundal RS, Rothman DL (1999) Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. J Clin Invest 103: 253–259.
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  28. Zern TL, Wood RJ, Greene C, West KL, Liu Y, Aggarwal D, Shachter NS, Fernandez ML (2005) Grape polyphenols exert a cardioprotective effect in pre- and postmenopausal women by lowering plasma lipids and reducing oxidative stress. J Nutr 135: 1911–1917.
    CAS Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgments

We particularly thank Prof. Mingwei Zhang in the Key Laboratory of Functional Food, Ministry of Agriculture of the P.R. China, for providing the black rice pigment fraction. This work was supported by the research grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (#30025-037) and China Medical Board of New York Inc. (CMB, #98-677).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, P. R. China
    HONGHUI GUO, WENHUA LING, QING WANG, CHI LIU, YAN HU, MIN XIA, XIANG FENG & XIAODONG XIA

Authors

  1. HONGHUI GUO
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  2. WENHUA LING
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  3. QING WANG
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  4. CHI LIU
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  5. YAN HU
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  6. MIN XIA
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  7. XIANG FENG
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  8. XIAODONG XIA
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence toWENHUA LING.

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

GUO, H., LING, W., WANG, Q. et al. Effect of Anthocyanin-Rich Extract from Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) on Hyperlipidemia and Insulin Resistance in Fructose-Fed Rats.Plant Foods Hum Nutr 62, 1–6 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-006-0031-7

Download citation

Key words: