- Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S (1993) The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 328:1230–1235
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Kim HC, Young T, Matthews CG, Weber SM, Woodward AR, Palta M (1997) Sleep-disordered breathing and neuropsychological deficits. A population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:1813–1819
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Mazza S, Pepin JL, Naegele B, Plante J, Deschaux C, Levy P (2005) Most obstructive sleep apnoea patients exhibit vigilance and attention deficits on an extended battery of tests. Eur Respir J 25:75–80
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Decary A, Rouleau I, Montplaisir J (2000) Cognitive deficits associated with sleep apnea syndrome: a proposed neuropsychological test battery. Sleep 23:369–381
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Naegele B, Pepin JL, Levy P, Bonnet C, Pellat J, Feuerstein C (1998) Cognitive executive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) after CPAP treatment. Sleep 21:392–397
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Findley LJ, Barth JT, Powers DC, Wilhoit SC, Boyd DG, Suratt PM (1986) Cognitive impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and associated hypoxemia. Chest 90:686–690
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Findley L, Unverzagt M, Guchu R, Fabrizio M, Buckner J, Suratt P (1995) Vigilance and automobile accidents in patients with sleep apnea or narcolepsy. Chest 108:619–624
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- George CF, Nickerson PW, Hanly PJ, Millar TW, Kryger MH (1987) Sleep apnoea patients have more automobile accidents. Lancet 2:447
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Ten Have T, Rein J, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A (2001) Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of gender. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:608–613
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Harsch IA, Schahin SP, Radespiel-Troger M, Weintz O, Jahreiss H, Fuchs FS, Wiest GH, Hahn EG, Lohmann T, Konturek PC, Ficker JH (2004) Continuous positive airway pressure treatment rapidly improves insulin sensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 69:156–162
Google Scholar
- Ferini-Strambi L, Fantini ML, Castronovo C (2004) Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Minerva Med 95:187–202
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A (1998) Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:144–148
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Braghiroli A (1999) Who is Mr. Z. Sleep Breath 3:37–38
Article Google Scholar
- Lavie P, Lavie L, Herer P (2005) All-cause mortality in males with sleep apnoea syndrome: declining mortality rates with age. Eur Respir J 25:514–520
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Telakivi T, Kajaste S, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M, Salmi T, Kaprio J (1988) Cognitive function in middle-aged snorers and controls: role of excessive daytime somnolence and sleep-related hypoxic events. Sleep 11:454–462
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Shochat T, Pillar G (2003) Sleep apnoea in the older adult: pathophysiology, epidemiology, consequences and management. Drugs Aging 20:551–560
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Cohen-Zion M, Stepnowsky C, Marler, Shochat T, Kripke DF, Ancoli-Israel S (2001) Changes in cognitive function associated with sleep disordered breathing in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:1622–1627
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Young T (1996) Sleep-disordered breathing in older adults: is it a condition distinct from that in middle-aged adults. Sleep 19:529–530
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lee MM, Strauss ME, Adams N, Redline S (1999) Executive functions in persons with sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 3:13–16
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Naegele B, Thouvard V, Pepin JL, Levy P, Bonnet C, Perret JE, Pellat J, Feuerstein C (1995) Deficits of cognitive executive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 18:43–52
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Johns MW (1991) A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep 14:540–545
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Alchanatis M, Zias N, Deligiorgis N, Amfilochiou A, Dionellis G, Orphanidou D (2005) Sleep apnea-related cognitive deficits and intelligence: an implication of cognitive reserve theory. J Sleep Res 14:69–75
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Kotterba S, Rasche K, Widdig W, Duscha C, Blombach S, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Malin JP (1998) Neuropsychological investigations and event-related potentials in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and during CPAP-therapy. J Neurol Sci 159:45–50
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- SCHUHFRIED GmbH. www.schuhfried.co.at
- Golden C (1982) Clinical interpretation of objective psychological tests. Grune and Straton, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- Lezac M (1995) Neuropsychological assessment, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, New York
- Raven J, Court J, Raven J (1976) Manual for Raven’s progressive matrices. HK Lewis, London
Google Scholar
- Bliwise DL (1994) Normal aging. Principles and practise of sleep medicine. In: Kryger MH, Roth TC, Dement WC (eds) WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 26–39
- Ohayon MM, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, Vitiello MV (2004) Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep 27:1255–1273
PubMed Google Scholar
- Bedard MA, Montplaisir J, Richer F, Malo J (1991) Nocturnal hypoxemia as a determinant of vigilance impairment in sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 100:367–370
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Colt HG, Haas H, Rich GB (1991) Hypoxemia vs sleep fragmentation as cause of excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 100:1542–1548
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Gottlieb DJ, Whitney CW, Bonekat WH, Iber C, James GD, Lebowitz M, Nieto FJ, Rosenberg CE (1999) Relation of sleepiness to respiratory disturbance index: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Res Crit Care Med 159:502–507
CAS Google Scholar
- Miliauskas S, Sakalauskas R (2005) [Peculiarities of nocturnal oxygen saturation in obstructive sleep apnea]. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 41:217–220
Google Scholar
- Morrell MJ, Twigg G (2006) Neural consequences of sleep disordered breathing: the role of intermittent hypoxia. Adv Exp Med Biol 588:75–88
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Punjabi NM, O’Hearn DJ, Neubauer DN, Nieto FJ, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Bandeen-Roche K (1999) Modeling hypersomnolence in sleep-disordered breathing. A novel approach using survival analysis. Am J Res Crit Care Med 159:1703–1709
CAS Google Scholar
- Johns MW (1993) Daytime sleepiness, snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea. The Epworth sleepiness scale. Chest 103:30–36
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Adams N, Strauss M, Schluchter M, Redline S (2001) Relation of measures of sleep-disordered breathing to neuropsychological functioning. Am J Res Crit Care Med 163:1626–1631
CAS Google Scholar
- Engleman HM, Kingshott RN, Martin SE, Douglas NJ (2000) Cognitive function in the sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (SAHS). Sleep 23(Suppl 4):S102–S108
PubMed Google Scholar
- Quan SF, Wright R, Baldwin CM, Kaemingk KL, Goodwin JL, Kuo TF, Kaszniak A, Boland LL, Caccappolo E, Bootzin RR (2006) Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and neurocognitive functioning in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep Med 7:498–507
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG (2005) Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea–hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 365:1046–1053
PubMed Google Scholar
- Lavie P, Herer P, Peled R, Berger I, Yoffe N, Zomer J, Rubin AH (1995) Mortality in sleep apnea patients: a multivariate analysis of risk factors. Sleep 18:149–157
PubMed CAS Google Scholar