Bone Tumors in Adolescents and Young Adults (original) (raw)
References and Recommended Reading
Papers of particular interest, published recently, has been highlighted as: •Of importance ••Of major importance
Gloeckler Ries LA, Reichman ME, Riedel Lewis D, Hankey BF, Edwards BK: Cancer survival and incidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Oncologist 2003, 8:541–552 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Bleyer A, Viny A, Barr R: Cancer in 15- to 29-year-olds by primary site. Oncologist 2006, 11:590–601 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F: World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. Lyon, France, IARC Press, 2002, pp 225–419 Google Scholar
Stiller CA, Bielack SS, Jundt G, Steliarova-Foucher E: Bone tumours in European children and adolescents, 1978–1997. Report from the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project. Eur J Cancer 2006, 42:2124–2135 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
This combined analysis of data from 59 European cancer registries shows that survival rates for children and adolescents with bone tumors have not improved since the mid-1980s.
Bleyer A, Montello M, Budd T, Saxman S: National survival trends of young adults with sarcoma: Lack of progress is associated with lack of clinical trial participation. Cancer 2005, 103:1891–1897 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Adolescents and young adults with sarcoma had lower rates of trial participation and smaller increases of survival expectancies over time than those of other age groups in this North American analysis.
Bielack SS, Kempf-Bielack B, Delling G, et al.: Prognostic factors in high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities or trunk: An analysis of 1,702 patients treated on neoadjuvant Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group protocols. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:776–790 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Clinical prognostic factors for osteosarcoma were evaluated in this large series of 1.702 unselected osteosarcoma patients from the COSS group.
Bielack SS, Machatschek JN, Flege S, Jürgens H: Delaying surgery with chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the extremities. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004, 5:1243–1256 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kager L, Zoubek A, Pötschger U, et al.: Primary metastatic osteosarcoma: presentation and outcome of patients treated on neoadjuvant Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group protocols. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:2011–2018 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
This is the largest series of patients with primary metastatic osteosarcoma.
Kager L, Zoubek A, Kastner U, et al.: Skip metastases in osteosarcoma: experience of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:1535–1541 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Other than commonly assumed, patients with skip-metastases were found to have relatively good outcomes if treated with multidrug chemotherapy and surgery of all affected sites.
Goorin AM, Schwartzentruber DJ, Devidas M, et al.: Presurgical chemotherapy compared with immediate surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for nonmetastatic osteosarcoma: Pediatric Oncology Group Study POG-8651. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:1574–1580 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fuchs N, Bielack SS, Epler D, et al.: Long-term results of the co-operative German-Austrian-Swiss osteosarcoma study group’s protocol COSS-86 of intensive multidrug chemotherapy and surgery for osteosarcoma of the limbs. Ann Oncol 1998 9:893–899 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bacci G, Briccoli A, Ferrari S, et al.: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the extremity: long-term results of the Rizzoli’s 4th protocol. Eur J Cancer 2001, 37:2030–2039 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smeland S, Muller C, Alvegard TA, et al.: Scandinavian Sarcoma Group Osteosarcoma Study SSG VIII: Prognostic factors for outcome and the role of replacement salvage chemotherapy for poor histological responders. Eur J Cancer 2003, 39:488–494 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ferrari S, Smeland S, Mercuri M, et al.: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with high-dose Ifosfamide, high-dose methotrexate, cisplatin, and doxorubicin for patients with localized osteosarcoma of the extremity: a joint study by the Italian and Scandinavian Sarcoma Groups. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:8845–8852 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Petrilli AS, de Camargo B, Filho VO, et al.: Results of the Brazilian Osteosarcoma Treatment Group studies III and IV: Prognostic factors and impact on survival. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:1161–1168 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Le Deley MC, Guinebretière JM, Gentet JC, et al.: SFOP OS94: a randomised trial comparing preoperative high-dose methotrexate plus doxorubicin to high-dose methotrexate plus etoposide and ifosfamide in osteosarcoma patients. Eur J Cancer 2007, 43:752–761 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lewis IJ, Nooij MA, Whelan J, et al.: Improvement in histologic response but not survival in osteosarcoma patients treated with intensified chemotherapy: A randomized phase III trial of the European Osteosarcoma Intergroup. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:112–128 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Increasing chemotherapy dose intensity by adding G-CSF did not lead to higher cure rates in this randomized trial.
Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo M, et al.: Osteosarcoma: a randomized, prospective trial of the addition of ifosfamide and/or muramyl tripeptide to cisplatin, doxorubicin, and high-dose methotrexate. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:2004–2011 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Meyers PA, Schwartz C, Krailo M, et al.: Osteosarcoma: the addition of muramyl tripeptide to chemotherapy improves overall survival. A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:633–638 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Adding ifosfamide did not improve EFS or overall survival, while the immune modulator MTP was associated with significantly improved survival in this largest published randomized osteosarcoma trial.
Longhi A, Ferrari S, Bacci G, Specchia S: Long-term follow-up of patients with doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity after chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. Anticancer Drug 2007, 18:737–744 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Aquerreta I, Aldaz A, Giráldez J, Sierrasesúmaga L: Methotrexate pharmacokinetics and survival in osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004, 42:52–58 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Crews KR, Liu T, Rodriguez-Galindo C, et al.: High-dose methotrexate pharmacokinetics and outcome of children and young adults with osteosarcoma. Cancer 2004, 100:1724–1733 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zelcer S, Kellick M, Wexler LH, et al.: Methotrexate levels and outcome in osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005, 44:638–642 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Tunn PU, Reichardt P: Chemotherapy for osteosarcoma without high-dose methotrexate: a 12-year follow-up on 53 patients. Onkologie 2007, 30:228–232 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Widemann BC, Balis FM, Kempf-Bielack B, et al.: High-dose methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity: incidence in osteosarcoma. Patients, treatment and outcome. Cancer 2004, 100:2222–2232 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
This large intergroup effort defines the incidence of HD-MTX related nephrotoxicity and describes outcomes.
Flombaum CD, Meyers PA: High-dose leucovorin as sole therapy for methotrexate toxicity. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:1589–1594 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lewis IJ, Weeden S, Machin D, et al.: Received dose and dose-intensity of chemotherapy and outcome in nonmetastatic extremity osteosarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:4028–4037 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eselgrim M, Grunert H, Kühne T, et al.: Dose intensity of chemotherapy for osteosarcoma and outcome in the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group (COSS) trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006, 47:42–50 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Sauerbrey A, Bielack S, Kempf-Bielack B, et al.: High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as salvage therapy for relapsed osteosarcoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001, 27:933–937 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fagioli F, Aglietta M, Tienghi A, et al.: High-dose chemotherapy in the treatment of relapsed osteosarcoma: An italian sarcoma group study. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:2150–2156 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Carrle D, Dantonello T, Bielack SS: Meeting report: Pan-European Sarcoma Trials: moving forward in a climate of increasing economic and regulatory pressure. Sarcoma 2007, Article ID 76405, 7 pages, doi:10.1155/2007/76405
Goorin AM, Harris MB, Bernstein M, et al.: Phase II/III trial of etoposide and high-dose ifosfamide in newly diagnosed metastatic osteosarcoma: A Pediatric Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:426–433 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Müller CR, Smeland S, Bauer HC, Saeter G, Strander H: Interferon-alpha as the only adjuvant treatment in high-grade osteosarcoma: long term results of the Karolinska Hospital series. Acta Oncol 2005, 44:475–480 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Craft A, Cotterill S, Malcolm A, et al.: Ifosfamide-containing chemotherapy in Ewing’s sarcoma: The second United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group and the Medical Research Council Ewing’s Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:3628–3633 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Oberlin O, Deley MC, Bui BN, et al.: Prognostic factors in localized Ewing’s tumours and peripheral neuroectodermal tumours: the third study of the French Society of Paediatric Oncology (EW88 study). Br J Cancer 2001, 85:1646–1654 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Paulussen M, Ahrens S, Dunst J, et al.: Localized Ewing tumor of bone: Final results of the cooperative Ewing’s sarcoma study CESS 86. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:1818–1829 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Grier HE, Krailo MD, Tarbell NJ, et al.: Addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to standard chemotherapy for Ewing’s sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:694–701 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
This is the key reference supplying randomized evidence from a large trial that adding ifosfamide plus etoposide to the former standard of vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide improves outcome in ESFT.
Euro-E.W.I.N.G.Study Committee: EURO-E.W.I.N.G. 99 Study Manual—EUROpean Ewing Tumour Initiative of National Groups Ewing Tumour Studies 1999. http://euro-ewing.uni-muenster.de/, 2007
Cangir A, Vietti TJ, Gehan EA, et al.: Ewing’s sarcoma metastatic at diagnosis. Results and comparisons of two intergroup Ewing’s sarcoma studies. Cancer 1990, 66:887–893 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Paulussen M, Ahrens S, Burdach S, et al.: Primary metastatic (stage IV) Ewing tumor. Survival analysis of 171 patients from the EICESS studies. Ann Oncol 1998, 9:275–281 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Meyers PA: High-dose therapy with autologous stem cell rescue for pediatric sarcomas. Curr Opin Oncol 2004, 16:120–125 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Jürgens C, Weston C, Lewins I, et al.: Safety assessment of intensive induction with vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide (VIDE) in the treatment of ewing tumors in the EURO-E.W.I.N.G. 99 clinical trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006, 47:22–29 Article Google Scholar
Manfrini M: The role of vascularized fibula in skeletal reconstruction. Chir Organi Mov 2003, 88:137–142 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hardes J, Gebert C, Hillmann A, et al.: Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Umkehrplastik im operativen Behandlungsplan der primär malignen Knochentumoren. Orthopäde 2003, 32:965–970 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Baumgart R, Hinterwimmer S, Krammer M, et al.: The bioexpandable prosthesis: a new perspective after resection of malignant bone tumors in children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005, 27:452–455 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
In this publication a new (biological) growing prosthesis was introduced, which did not lengthen the prosthesis but the adjacent bone.
Krepler P, Dominkus M, Toma CD, et al.: Endoprosthesis management of the extremities of children after resection of primary malignant bone tumors. Orthopäde 2003, 32:1013–1019 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Abudu A, Grimer RJ, Tillman R, et al.: The use of prostheses in skeletally immature patients. Orthop Clin North Am 2006, 37:75–84 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
De Wilde L, Sys G, Julien Y, et al.: The reversed Delta shoulder prosthesis in reconstruction of the proximal humerus after tumour resection. Acta Orthop Belg 2003, 69:495–500 PubMed Google Scholar
Gosheger G, Hardes J, Ahrens H, et al.: Silver-coated megaendoprostheses in a rabbit model—an analysis of the infection rate and toxicological side-effects. Biomaterials 2004, 25:5547–5556 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
In this publication, better antimicrobial activity of silver compared to titanium against staphylococcus aureus was shown.
Bacci F, Ferrari S, Longhi A, et al.: Role of surgery in local treatment of Ewing’s sarcoma of the extremities in patients undergoing adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Oncol Rep 2004, 11:111–120 PubMed Google Scholar
Schuck A, Hofmann J, Rube C, et al.: Radiotherapy in Ewing’s sarcoma and PNET of the chest wall: results of the trials CESS 81, CESS 86 and EICESS 92. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998, 42:1001–1006 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schuck A, Ahrens S, Paulussen M, et al.: Local therapy in localized Ewing tumors: Results of 1.058 patients treated in the CESS 81, CESS 86 and EICESS 92 trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 55:168–177 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
This and reference [54] are the largest analyses concerning the merits of different local therapy approaches in ESFT.
Bacci G, Longhi A, Briccoli A, et al.: The role of surgical margins in treatment of Ewing’s sarcoma family tumors: Experience of a single institution with 512 patients treated with adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Incol Biol Phys 2006, 65:766–772 Article Google Scholar
This and reference [53] are the largest analyses concerning the merits of different local therapy approaches in ESFT.
Krasin M, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Billups C, et al.: Definitive irradiation in multidisciplinary management of localized Ewing sarcoma family of tumors in pediatric patients: Outcome and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004, 60:830–838 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Paulino A, Nguyen T, Mai W, The B, Wen B. Dose response and local control using radiotherapy in non-metastatic Ewing sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007, 49:145–148 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Machak GN, Tkachev SI, Solovyev YN, et al.: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and local radiotherapy for high grade osteosarcoma of the extremities. Mayo Clin Proc 2003, 78:147–155 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
In this publication, a detailed analysis of the outcome of radiotherapy in patients with osteosarcoma and no or insufficient resections is given.
DeLaney TF, Park L, Goldberg SI, et al.: Radiotherapy for local control of osteosarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 61:492–498 PubMed Google Scholar
Kempf-Bielack B, Bielack SS, Jürgens H, et al.: Osteosarcoma relapse after combined modality therapy: an analysis of unselected patients in the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group (COSS). J Clin Oncol 2005, 20(23):559–568 Google Scholar
Number of lesions and recurrence free-interval correlated with postrecurrence outcomes in this large series of 576 patients. Complete surgery was a prerequisite for cure, and second-line chemotherapy seemed to improve outcomes.
Ferrari S, Briccoli A, Mercuri M, et al.: Postrelapse survival in osteosarcoma of the extremities: prognostic factors for long-term survival. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:710–715 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Meyer WH, Pratt CB, Poquette CA, et al.: Carboplatin/ifosfamide window therapy for osteosarcoma: results of the St Jude Children’s Research Hospital OS-91 trial. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:171–182 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Saylors RL III, Stine KC, Sullivan J, et al.: Cyclophosphamide plus topotecan in children with recurrent or refractory solid tumors: a Pediatric Oncology Group phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:3463–3469 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Anderson P, Nuñez R: Samarium lexidronam (153Sm-EDTMP): skeletal radiation for osteoblastic bone metastases and osteosarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2007, 7:1517–1527 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Whelan JS, McTiernan A, Kakouri E, et al.: Carboplatin-based chemotherapy for refractory and recurrent Ewing’s tumours. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004, 43:237–242 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wagner LM, McAllister N, Goldsby RE, et al.: Temozolomide and intravenous irinotecan for treatment of advanced Ewing sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007, 48:132–139 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Maksimenko A, Malvy C: Oncogene-targeted antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005, 9:825–830 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
This report proves that the molecular rearrangement in ESFT is the ultimate cause for the manifestation of the malignant phenotype, and that it can be reversed in principal.
Martins AS, Mackintosh C, Martin DH, et al.: Insulin-like growth factor I receptor pathway inhibition by ADW742, alone or in combination with imatinib, doxorubicin, or vincristine, is a novel therapeutic approach in Ewing tumor. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:3532–3540 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lissat A, Vraetz T, Tsokos M, et al.: Interferon-gamma sensitizes resistant Ewing’s sarcoma cells to tumor necrosis factor apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis by up-regulation of caspase-8 without altering chemosensitivity. Am J Pathol 2007;170:1917–1930 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Myatt SS, Burchill SA: The sensitivity of the Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumours to fenretinide-induced cell death is increased by EWS-Fli1-dependent modulation of p38(MAPK) activity. Oncogene 2007, 7:985–996 Google Scholar
Völker T, Denecke T, Steffen I, et al.: Positron emission tomography for staging of pediatric sarcoma patients: results of a prospective multicenter trial. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:5435–5441 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Schuetze MS: Utility of PET in sarcomas. Current Opin Oncol 2006, 18:369–373 Article Google Scholar