The angiotensin II type 2 receptor: What is its clinical significance? (original) (raw)

• Zhou MS, Schulman IH, Raij L: Nitric oxide, angiotensin II, and hypertension. Semin Nephrol 2004, **24:**366–378.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schulman IH, Zhou MS, Raij L: Interaction between nitric oxide and angiotensin II in the endothelium: role in atherosclerosis and hypertension. J Hypertens 2006, **24:**S45–S50.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Brosnan MJ, Hamilton CA, Graham D, et al.: Irbesartan lowers superoxide levels and increases nitric oxide bioavailability in blood vessels from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. J Hypertens 2002, **20:**281–286.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mancini GB, Henry GC, Macaya C, et al.: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The TREND (Trial on Reversing Endothelial Dysfunction) Study. Circulation 1996, **94:**258–265.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al.: Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001, **345:**861–869.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al.: Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001, **345:**851–860.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Remuzzi G, Macia M, Ruggenenti P: Prevention and treatment of diabetic renal disease in type 2 diabetes: the BENEDICT study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, **17:**S90–S97.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Blake R, Raij L, Schulman IH: Renal protection: are all antihypertensive drugs comparable? Curr Hypertens Rep 2007, **9:**373–379.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Griendling KK, FitzGerald GA: Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: part I: basic mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of ROS. Circulation 2003, **108:**1912–1916.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lassegue B, Clempus RE: Vascular NAD(P)H oxidases: specific features, expression, and regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003, **285:**R277–R297.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nickenig G, Harrison DG: The AT(1)-type angiotensin receptor in oxidative stress and atherogenesis: part I: oxidative stress and atherogenesis. Circulation 2002, **105:**393–396.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zhou MS, Adam AG, Jaimes EA, Raij L: In salt-sensitive hypertension, increased superoxide production is linked to functional upregulation of angiotensin II. Hypertension 2003, **42:**945–951.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Liu J, Yang F, Yang XP, et al.: NAD(P)H oxidase mediates angiotensin II-induced vascular macrophage infiltration and medial hypertrophy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, **23:**776–782.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Strawn WB, Chappell MC, Dean RH, et al.: Inhibition of early atherogenesis by losartan in monkeys with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 2000, **101:**1586–1593.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ogawa S, Mori T, Nako K, et al.: Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers reduce urinary oxidative stress markers in hypertensive diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension 2006, **47:**699–705.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zhou MS, Jaimes EA, Raij L: Benazepril combined with either amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide is more effective than monotherapy for blood pressure control and prevention of end-organ injury in hypertensive Dahl rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006, **48:**857–861.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Carey RM: Cardiovascular and renal regulation by the angiotensin type 2 receptor: the AT2 receptor comes of age. Hypertension 2005, **45:**840–844.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Yayama K, Hiyoshi H, Imazu D, Okamoto H: Angiotensin II stimulates endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation in thoracic aorta of mice with abdominal aortic banding via type 2 receptor. Hypertension 2006, **48:**958–964.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Barker TA, Massett MP, Korshunov VA, et al.: Angiotensin II type 2 receptor expression after vascular injury: differing effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin receptor blockade. Hypertension 2006, **48:**942–949.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Carey RM, Park J: Role of angiotensin type 2 receptors in vasodilation of resistance and capacitance vessels. Hypertension 2006, **48:**824–825.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Carey RM, Howell NL, Jin XH, Siragy HM: Angiotensin type 2 receptor-mediated hypotension in angiotensin type-1 receptor-blocked rats. Hypertension 2001, **38:**1272–1277.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Siragy HM, Inagami T, Ichiki T, Carey RM: Sustained hypersensitivity to angiotensin II and its mechanism in mice lacking the subtype-2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, **96:**6506–6510.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Masaki H, et al.: Angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression activates the vascular kinin system and causes vasodilation. J Clin Invest 1999, **104:**925–935.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cosentino F, Savoia C, De Paolis P, et al.: Angiotensin II type 2 receptors contribute to vascular responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists. Am J Hypertens 2005, **18:**493–499.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Phoon S, Howes LG: Forearm vasodilator response to angiotensin II in elderly women receiving candesartan: role of AT(2)-receptors. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2002, **3:**36–39.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gilles R, Vingerhoedt N, Howes J, et al.: Increase in systemic blood pressure during intra-arterial PD123319 infusion: evidence for functional expression of angiotensin type 2 receptors in normal volunteers. Blood Press 2004, **13:**110–114.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Savoia C, Touyz RM, Volpe M, Schiffrin EL: Angiotensin type 2 receptor in resistance arteries of type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2007, **49:**341–346.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Haywood GA, Gullestad L, Katsuya T, et al.: AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptor gene expression in human heart failure. Circulation 1997, **95:**1201–1206.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jugdutt BI, Balghith M: Enhanced regional AT2-receptor and PKC expression during cardioprotection induced by AT1-receptor blockade after reperfused myocardial infarction. J Renin Ang Aldosterone Sys 2001, **2:**134–140.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Xu J, Carretero OA, Liu YH, et al.: Role of AT2 receptors in the cardioprotective effect of AT1 antagonists in mice. Hypertension 2002, **40:**244–250.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Molavi B, Chen J, Mehta JL: Cardioprotective effects of rosiglitazone are associated with selective overexpression of type 2 angiotensin receptors and inhibition of p42/44 MAPK. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006, **291:**H687–H693.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cipollone F, Fazia M, Iezzi A, et al.: Blockade of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques in humans by inhibiting prostaglandin E2-dependent matrix metalloproteinase activity. Circulation 2004, **109:**1482–1488.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jalowy A, Schulz R, Heusch G: AT1 receptor blockade in experimental myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, **10(Suppl 11):**S129–S136.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Yan X, Price RL, Nakayama M, et al.: Ventricular-specific expression of angiotensin II type 2 receptors causes dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003, **285:**H2179–H2187.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Booz GW: Putting the brakes on cardiac hypertrophy: exploiting the NO-cGMP counter-regulatory system. Hypertension 2005, **45:**341–346.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kurisu S, Ozono R, Oshima T, et al.: Cardiac angiotensin II type 2 receptor activates the kinin/NO system and inhibits fibrosis. Hypertension 2003, **41:**99–107.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Goldenberg I, Grossman E, Jacobson KA, et al.: Angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in rat cardiomyocyte culture: a possible role of AT1 and AT2 receptors. J Hypertens 2001, **19:**1681–1689.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Alfakih K, Maqbool A, Sivananthan M, et al.: Left ventricle mass index and the common, functional, X-linked angiotensin II type-2 receptor gene polymorphism (−1332 G/A) in patients with systemic hypertension. Hypertension 2004, **43:**1189–1194.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Remuzzi G, Perico N, Macia M, Ruggenenti P: The role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the progression of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2005**:**S57–S65.
• Yoshioka T, Rennke HG, Salant DJ, et al.: Role of abnormally high transmural pressure in the permselectivity defect of glomerular capillary wall: a study in early passive Heymann nephritis. Circ Res 1987, **61:**531–538.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Zhang J, Zhang JQ, Ramires FJ: Local angiotensin II and transforming growth factor-beta1 in renal fibrosis of rats. Hypertension 2000, **35:**1078–1084.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wehbi GJ, Zimpelmann J, Carey RM, et al.: Early streptozotocin-diabetes mellitus downregulates rat kidney AT2 receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001, **280:**F254–F265.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Castano ME, Schanstra JP, Hirtz C, et al.: B2 kinin receptor upregulation by cAMP is associated with BK-induced PGE2 production in rat mesangial cells. Am J Physiol 1998, **274:**F532–F540.
  Google Scholar
• Carey RM, Jin XH, Siragy HM: Role of the angiotensin AT2 receptor in blood pressure regulation and therapeutic implications. Am J Hypertens 2001, **14:**98S–102S.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Morrissey JJ, Klahr S: Effect of AT2 receptor blockade on the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol 1999, **276:**F39–F45.
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Ortega M, Ruperez M, Esteban V, et al.: Angiotensin II: a key factor in the inflammatory and fibrotic response in kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006, **21:**16–20.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hashimoto N, Maeshima Y, Satoh M, et al.: Overexpression of angiotensin type 2 receptor ameliorates glomerular injury in a mouse remnant kidney model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004, **286:**F516–F525.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vazquez E, Coronel I, Bautista R, et al.: Angiotensin II-dependent induction of AT(2) receptor expression after renal ablation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005, **288:**F207–F213.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Palm F, Connors SG, Mendonca M, et al.: Angiotensin II type 2 receptors and nitric oxide sustain oxygenation in the clipped kidney of early Goldblatt hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2008, **51:**345–351.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gross V, Schunck WH, Honeck H, et al.: Inhibition of pressure natriuresis in mice lacking the AT2 receptor. Kidney Int 2000, **57:**191–202.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hakam AC, Hussain T: Renal angiotensin II type-2 receptors are upregulated and mediate the candesartan-induced natriuresis/diuresis in obese Zucker rats. Hypertension 2005, **45:**270–275.
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar