Zerwekh JE. Blood biomarkers of vitamin D status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):1087S–91S. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(1):204–10. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gilchrest BA. Sun exposure and vitamin D sufficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):570S–7S. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
McCarty CA. Sunlight exposure assessment: can we accurately assess vitamin D exposure from sunlight questionnaires? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):1097S–101S. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Millen AE, Bodnar LM. Vitamin D assessment in population-based studies: a review of the issues. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):1102S–5S. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Haddad JG. Plasma vitamin D-binding protein (Gc-globulin): multiple tasks. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995;53(1–6):579–82. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
White P, Cooke N. The multifunctional properties and characteristics of vitamin D-binding protein. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000;11(8):320–7. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nykjaer A, Dragun D, Walther D, Vorum H, Jacobsen C, Herz J, et al. An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3. Cell. 1999;96(4):507–15. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Prentice A, Goldberg GR, Schoenmakers I. Vitamin D across the lifecycle: physiology and biomarkers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):500S–6S. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Judd SE, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease. Am J Med Sci. 2009;338(1):40–4. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(2):229–38. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rostand SG. Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences. Hypertension. 1997;30(2 Pt 1):150–6. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Scragg R, Khaw KT, Murphy S. Effect of winter oral vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995;49(9):640–6. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
• Judd SE, Nanes MS, Ziegler TR, Wilson PW, Tangpricha V. Optimal vitamin D status attenuates the age-associated increase in systolic blood pressure in white Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):136–41. This was one of the first reports demonstrating that optimal vitamin D status decreased the age-related rise in systolic blood pressure in NHANES. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(7):713–9. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Forman JP, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Vitamin D intake and risk of incident hypertension: results from three large prospective cohort studies. Hypertension. 2005;46(4):676–82. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49(5):1063–9. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
• Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117(4):503–11. This large Framingham cohort study demonstrated increased cardiovascular events in participants with vitamin D deficiency. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sowers MR, Wallace RB, Lemke JH. The association of intakes of vitamin D and calcium with blood pressure among women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42(1):135–42. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Boucher BJ. Calcium and vitamin D intakes and blood pressure. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(3):659–60. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Townsend MS, Fulgoni 3rd VL, Stern JS, Adu-Afarwuah S, McCarron DA. Low mineral intake is associated with high systolic blood pressure in the Third and Fourth National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: could we all be right? [see comment]. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(2 Pt 1):261–9. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Jorde R, Bonaa KH. Calcium from dairy products, vitamin D intake, and blood pressure: the Tromso Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(6):1530–5. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
• Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(11):1174–80. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study demonstrated increased risk of myocardial infarction with vitamin D deficiency. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Krause R, Buhring M, Hopfenmuller W, Holick MF, Sharma AM. Ultraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet. 1998;352(9129):709–10. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(4):1633–7. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li YC. Vitamin D regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88(2):327–31. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89–90(1–5):387–92. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Zhou CL, Lu FX, Cao KX, Xu D, Goltzman D, Miao DS. Calcium-independent and 1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3-dependent regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in 1 alpha-hydroxylase knockout mice. Kidney Int. 2008;74(2):170. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Burgess ED, Hawkins RG, Watanabe M. Interaction of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and plasma renin activity in high renin essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1990;3(12 Pt 1):903–5. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kimura Y, Kawamura M, Owada M, Oshima T, Murooka M, Fujiwara T, et al. Effectiveness of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D supplementation on blood pressure reduction in a pseudohypoparathyroidism patient with high renin activity. Intern Med. 1999;38(1):31–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Qiao G, Kong J, Uskokovic M, Li YC. Analogs of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) as novel inhibitors of renin biosynthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;96(1):59–66. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sigmund CD. Regulation of renin expression and blood pressure by vitamin D(3). J Clin Invest. 2002;110(2):155–6. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Giulietti A, van Etten E, Overbergh L, Stoffels K, Bouillon R, Mathieu C. Monocytes from type 2 diabetic patients have a pro-inflammatory profile 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 works as anti-inflammatory. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77(1):47–57. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Stubbs JR, Idiculla A, Slusser J, Menard R, Quarles LD. Cholecalciferol supplementation alters calcitriol-responsive monocyte proteins and decreases inflammatory cytokines in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(2):353–61. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Doughan AK, Harrison DG, Dikalov SI. Molecular mechanisms of angiotensin II-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction: linking mitochondrial oxidative damage and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circ Res. 2008;102(4):488–96. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Harrison DG, Cai H, Landmesser U, Griendling KK. Interactions of angiotensin II with NAD(P)H oxidase, oxidant stress and cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2003;4(2):51–61. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Harrison DG, Guzik TJ, Goronzy J, Weyand C. Is hypertension an immunologic disease? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2008;10(6):464–9. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Jespersen B, Randlov A, Abrahamsen J, Fogh-Andersen N, Olsen NV, Kanstrup IL. Acute cardiovascular effect of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11(6 Pt 1):659–66. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lind L, Hanni A, Lithell H, Hvarfner A, Sorensen OH, Ljunghall S. Vitamin D is related to blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8(9):894–901. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kristal-Boneh E, Froom P, Harari G, Ribak J. Association of calcitriol and blood pressure in normotensive men. Hypertension. 1997;30(5):1289–94. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bukoski RD, DeWan P, McCarron DA. 1, 25 (OH) 2 vitamin D3 modifies growth and contractile function of vascular smooth muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 1989;2(7):553–6. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bukoski RD, Xue H. On the vascular inotropic action of 1, 25-(OH) 2 vitamin D3. Am J Hypertens. 1993;6(5 Pt 1):388–96. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Judd SE, Raiser SN, Kumari M, Tangpricha V. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces systolic blood pressure in hypertensive adults: a pilot feasibility study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121(1–2):445–7. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Scragg R, Holdaway I, Singh V, Metcalf P, Baker J, Dryson E. Serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in newly detected hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8(4 Pt 1):429–32. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Brickman AS, Nyby MD, von Hungen K, Eggena P, Tuck ML. Calcitropic hormones, platelet calcium, and blood pressure in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1990;16(5):515–22. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bukoski RD, Kremer D. Calcium-regulating hormones in hypertension: vascular actions. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(1 Suppl):220S–6S. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hajjar IM, Grim CE, George V, Kotchen TA. Impact of diet on blood pressure and age-related changes in blood pressure in the US population: analysis of NHANES III. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(4):589–93. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sowers MF, Wallace RB, Hollis BW, Lemke JH. Relationship between 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and blood pressure in a geographically defined population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(4):1053–6. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Resnick LM, Muller FB, Laragh JH. Calcium-regulating hormones in essential hypertension. Relation to plasma renin activity and sodium metabolism. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105(5):649–54. PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sugden JA, Davies JI, Witham MD, Morris AD, Struthers AD. Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels. Diabet Med. 2008;25(3):320–5. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Manson JE, Allison MA, Carr JJ, Langer RD, Cochrane BB, Hendrix SL, et al. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and coronary artery calcification in the Women’s Health Initiative. Menopause. 2010;17(4):683–91. PubMed Google Scholar
Margolis KL, Martin LW, Ray RM, Kerby TJ, Allison M, Curb JD, et al. Abstract 1069: does a higher serum 25(OH) vitamin D level predict lower blood pressure in post-menopausal women? Prospective data from the Women’s Health Initiative [abstract 1069]. Circulation. 2009;120(18[Meeting Abstracts]):S439.
LaCroix AZ, Kotchen J, Anderson G, Brzyski R, Cauley JA, Cummings SR, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(5):559–67. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Rajpathak SN, Xue X, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Van Horn L, Robinson JG, Liu S, et al. Effect of 5 y of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on change in circulating lipids: results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(4):894–9. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Millen AE, Wactawski-Wende J, Pettinger M, Melamed ML, Tylavsky FA, Liu S, et al. Predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations among postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Calcium plus Vitamin D Clinical Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1324–35. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Witham MD, Nadir MA, Struthers AD. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2009;27(10):1948–54. ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar