Graphical sustainability analysis using disjoint biplots (original) (raw)
Abstract
The assessment of sustainability is of the utmost importance nowadays. Several approaches exist that measure sustainability at a national level and rank countries accordingly. Comparison of countries could be done numerically or pictorially. This paper introduces a novel clustering disjoint HJ-biplot approach, which is then applied to data from two well-known models: Sustainability Assessment by Fuzzy Evaluation (SAFE) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Index (UN-SDGs). This approach performs a graphical ranking that makes the sustainability standing of countries very transparent. As expected, the pictorial model yielded similar rankings to those of SAFE and UN-SDGs, but it additionally grouped countries according to their most important indicators, thereby yielding a more global picture of sustainability. Our approach thus comprises a useful complement to existing mathematical sustainability ranking models.
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Authors and Affiliations
- Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
José Fernando Romero Cañizares & Purificación Vicente Galindo - School of Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
Yannis Phillis & Evangelos Grigoroudis
Authors
- José Fernando Romero Cañizares
- Purificación Vicente Galindo
- Yannis Phillis
- Evangelos Grigoroudis
Corresponding author
Correspondence toEvangelos Grigoroudis.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: SAFE 2018 sustainability ranking of countries: data for 1990–2016 (Grigoroudis et al. 2019)
| | Country | SAFE | | Country | SAFE | | Country | SAFE | | | --------- | -------------- | ------ | ------- | ------------------- | ------ | ------- | -------------------- | ------ | | 1 | Denmark | 0.8734 | 55 | Mexico | 0.6339 | 109 | Senegal | 0.5444 | | 2 | Norway | 0.8686 | 56 | Mongolia | 0.6328 | 110 | Un. Arab Emirates | 0.5438 | | 3 | Sweden | 0.8630 | 57 | Argentina | 0.6309 | 111 | Jamaica | 0.5387 | | 4 | Switzerland | 0.8615 | 58 | Morocco | 0.6308 | 112 | Eq. Guinea | 0.5315 | | 5 | United Kingdom | 0.8384 | 59 | South Korea | 0.6296 | 113 | Kenya | 0.5295 | | 6 | Austria | 0.8296 | 60 | Singapore | 0.6278 | 114 | Lesotho | 0.5289 | | 7 | Netherlands | 0.8259 | 61 | Malaysia | 0.6274 | 115 | Benin | 0.5217 | | 8 | Finland | 0.8231 | 62 | North Macedonia | 0.6266 | 116 | Egypt | 0.5190 | | 9 | Slovenia | 0.8192 | 63 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.6265 | 117 | Bahrain | 0.5187 | | 10 | Iceland | 0.8141 | 64 | Ghana | 0.6259 | 118 | Côte d’Ivoire | 0.5147 | | 11 | France | 0.8078 | 65 | Paraguay | 0.6259 | 119 | South Africa | 0.5104 | | 12 | Ireland | 0.8032 | 66 | Serbia | 0.6250 | 120 | Rwanda | 0.5085 | | 13 | Germany | 0.7975 | 67 | Ecuador | 0.6240 | 121 | Oman | 0.5041 | | 14 | Poland | 0.7835 | 68 | Cape Verde | 0.6230 | 122 | Malawi | 0.5021 | | 15 | Czech Rep. | 0.7834 | 69 | Dominican Rep. | 0.6226 | 123 | Swaziland | 0.5011 | | 16 | Slovakia | 0.7790 | 70 | Gabon | 0.6224 | 124 | Zambia | 0.5007 | | 17 | Lithuania | 0.7743 | 71 | Guyana | 0.6224 | 125 | Cameroon | 0.5006 | | 18 | Hungary | 0.7731 | 72 | Ukraine | 0.6213 | 126 | Cambodia | 0.5002 | | 19 | Luxembourg | 0.7681 | 73 | Georgia | 0.6204 | 127 | Djibouti | 0.4984 | | 20 | Portugal | 0.7565 | 74 | Suriname | 0.6203 | 128 | Sierra Leone | 0.4918 | | 21 | Latvia | 0.7546 | 75 | Namibia | 0.6184 | 129 | Togo | 0.4893 | | 22 | Australia | 0.7525 | 76 | Nicaragua | 0.6164 | 130 | India | 0.4884 | | 23 | Spain | 0.7518 | 77 | Bolivia | 0.6158 | 131 | Libya | 0.4852 | | 24 | Croatia | 0.7517 | 78 | Mauritius | 0.6144 | 132 | Papua N.G. | 0.4803 | | 25 | Estonia | 0.7517 | 79 | Kazakhstan | 0.6113 | 133 | Burkina Faso | 0.4711 | | 26 | Belgium | 0.7496 | 80 | Panama | 0.6109 | 134 | Guatemala | 0.4709 | | 27 | Italy | 0.7457 | 81 | Philippines | 0.6096 | 135 | Bangladesh | 0.4688 | | 28 | Uruguay | 0.7451 | 82 | Vietnam | 0.6058 | 136 | Tanzania | 0.4610 | | 29 | New Zealand | 0.7431 | 83 | Sri Lanka | 0.6026 | 137 | Mali | 0.4586 | | 30 | Cyprus | 0.7355 | 84 | Armenia | 0.5949 | 138 | Liberia | 0.4543 | | 31 | Japan | 0.7280 | 85 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.5940 | 139 | Gambia | 0.4463 | | 32 | Malta | 0.7270 | 86 | Kuwait | 0.5934 | 140 | Myanmar | 0.4457 | | 33 | Canada | 0.7217 | 87 | Bosnia and Herz. | 0.5910 | 141 | Ethiopia | 0.4418 | | 34 | United States | 0.7157 | 88 | Honduras | 0.5906 | 142 | Nigeria | 0.4364 | | 35 | Chile | 0.7150 | 89 | Colombia | 0.5891 | 143 | Madagascar | 0.4343 | | 36 | Costa Rica | 0.7150 | 90 | Tajikistan | 0.5828 | 144 | Guinea | 0.4289 | | 37 | Greece | 0.7138 | 91 | Zimbabwe | 0.5818 | 145 | Mozambique | 0.4087 | | 38 | Bulgaria | 0.7067 | 92 | Lao PDR | 0.5794 | 146 | Burundi | 0.4072 | | 39 | Romania | 0.7000 | 93 | Indonesia | 0.5765 | 147 | Uganda | 0.4030 | | 40 | Belarus | 0.6724 | 94 | El Salvador | 0.5762 | 148 | Iraq | 0.3924 | | 41 | Albania | 0.6685 | 95 | China | 0.5750 | 149 | Angola | 0.3909 | | 42 | Israel | 0.6630 | 96 | Turkmenistan | 0.5749 | 150 | Niger | 0.3881 | | 43 | Brunei | 0.6585 | 97 | Jordan | 0.5748 | 151 | Congo D.R. | 0.3856 | | 44 | Russia | 0.6542 | 98 | Seychelles | 0.5723 | 152 | Chad | 0.3817 | | 45 | Moldova | 0.6459 | 99 | Belize | 0.5719 | 153 | Guinea-Bissau | 0.3783 | | 46 | Brazil | 0.6456 | 100 | Saudi Arabia | 0.5660 | 154 | Pakistan | 0.3773 | | 47 | Thailand | 0.6454 | 101 | Qatar | 0.5659 | 155 | Central African Rep. | 0.3767 | | 48 | Venezuela | 0.6440 | 102 | Uzbekistan | 0.5659 | 156 | Yemen | 0.3766 | | 49 | Cuba | 0.6439 | 103 | Botswana | 0.5635 | 157 | Eritrea | 0.3713 | | 50 | Turkey | 0.6426 | 104 | Nepal | 0.5625 | 158 | Haiti | 0.3648 | | 51 | Peru | 0.6418 | 105 | Algeria | 0.5588 | 159 | Mauritania | 0.3563 | | 52 | Fiji | 0.6381 | 106 | Congo Rep. | 0.5507 | 160 | Sudan | 0.3500 | | 53 | Tunisia | 0.6373 | 107 | Lebanon | 0.5506 | 161 | Afghanistan | 0.3267 | | 54 | Azerbaijan | 0.6343 | 108 | Iran | 0.5464 | | | |
Appendix 2: UN-SDGs index ranking of countries: data for 2016 (Sachs et al. 2016)
| | Country | Score | | Country | Score | | Country | Score | | | --------- | -------------- | ---- | ------- | ------------------- | ---- | ------- | -------------------- | ---- | | 1 | Sweden | 84.5 | 51 | Tunisia | 65.1 | 101 | Guyana | 52.4 | | 2 | Denmark | 83.9 | 52 | Brazil | 64.4 | 102 | Honduras | 51.8 | | 3 | Norway | 82.3 | 53 | Costa Rica | 64.2 | 103 | Nepal | 51.5 | | 4 | Finland | 81.0 | 54 | Kazakhstan | 63.9 | 104 | Ghana | 51.4 | | 5 | Switzerland | 80.9 | 55 | Un. Arab Emirates | 63.6 | 105 | Iraq | 50.9 | | 6 | Germany | 80.5 | 56 | Mexico | 63.4 | 106 | Guatemala | 50.0 | | 7 | Austria | 79.1 | 57 | Georgia | 63.3 | 107 | Lao PDR | 49.9 | | 8 | Netherlands | 78.9 | 58 | North Macedonia | 62.8 | 108 | Namibia | 49.9 | | 9 | Iceland | 78.4 | 59 | Jordan | 62.7 | 109 | Zimbabwe | 48.6 | | 10 | United Kingdom | 78.1 | 60 | Montenegro | 62.5 | 110 | India | 48.4 | | 11 | France | 77.9 | 61 | Thailand | 62.2 | 111 | Congo Rep. | 47.2 | | 12 | Belgium | 77.4 | 62 | Venezuela | 61.8 | 112 | Cameroon | 46.3 | | 13 | Canada | 76.8 | 63 | Malaysia | 61.7 | 113 | Lesotho | 45.9 | | 14 | Ireland | 76.7 | 64 | Morocco | 61.6 | 114 | Senegal | 45.8 | | 15 | Czech Rep. | 76.7 | 65 | Azerbaijan | 61.3 | 115 | Pakistan | 45.7 | | 16 | Luxembourg | 76.7 | 66 | Egypt | 60.9 | 116 | Swaziland | 45.1 | | 17 | Slovenia | 76.6 | 67 | Kyrgyzstan | 60.9 | 117 | Myanmar | 44.5 | | 18 | Japan | 75.0 | 68 | Albania | 60.8 | 118 | Bangladesh | 44.4 | | 19 | Singapore | 74.6 | 69 | Mauritius | 60.7 | 119 | Cambodia | 44.4 | | 20 | Australia | 74.5 | 70 | Panama | 60.7 | 120 | Kenya | 44.0 | | 21 | Estonia | 74.5 | 71 | Ecuador | 60.7 | 121 | Angola | 44.0 | | 22 | New Zealand | 74.0 | 72 | Tajikistan | 60.2 | 122 | Rwanda | 44.0 | | 23 | Belarus | 73.5 | 73 | Bosnia and Herz. | 59.9 | 123 | Uganda | 43.6 | | 24 | Hungary | 73.4 | 74 | Oman | 59.9 | 124 | Côte d’Ivoire | 43.5 | | 25 | United States | 72.7 | 75 | Paraguay | 59.3 | 125 | Ethiopia | 43.1 | | 26 | Slovakia | 72.7 | 76 | China | 59.1 | 126 | Tanzania | 43.0 | | 27 | South Korea | 72.7 | 77 | Jamaica | 59.1 | 127 | Sudan | 42.2 | | 28 | Latvia | 72.5 | 78 | Trinidad and Tobago | 59.1 | 128 | Burundi | 42.0 | | 29 | Israel | 72.3 | 79 | Iran | 58.5 | 129 | Togo | 40.9 | | 30 | Spain | 72.2 | 80 | Botswana | 58.4 | 130 | Benin | 40.0 | | 31 | Lithuania | 72.1 | 81 | Peru | 58.4 | 131 | Malawi | 39.8 | | 32 | Malta | 72.0 | 82 | Bhutan | 58.2 | 132 | Mauritania | 39.6 | | 33 | Bulgaria | 71.8 | 83 | Algeria | 58.1 | 133 | Mozambique | 39.5 | | 34 | Portugal | 71.5 | 84 | Mongolia | 58.1 | 134 | Zambia | 38.4 | | 35 | Italy | 70.9 | 85 | Saudi Arabia | 58.0 | 135 | Mali | 38.2 | | 36 | Croatia | 70.7 | 86 | Lebanon | 58.0 | 136 | Gambia | 37.8 | | 37 | Greece | 69.9 | 87 | Suriname | 58.0 | 137 | Yemen | 37.3 | | 38 | Poland | 69.8 | 88 | Vietnam | 57.6 | 138 | Sierra Leone | 36.9 | | 39 | Serbia | 68.3 | 89 | Bolivia | 57.5 | 139 | Afghanistan | 36.5 | | 40 | Uruguay | 68.0 | 90 | Nicaragua | 57.4 | 140 | Madagascar | 36.2 | | 41 | Romania | 67.5 | 91 | Colombia | 57.2 | 141 | Nigeria | 36.1 | | 42 | Chile | 67.2 | 92 | Dominican Rep. | 57.1 | 142 | Guinea | 35.9 | | 43 | Argentina | 66.8 | 93 | Gabon | 56.2 | 143 | Burkina Faso | 35.6 | | 44 | Moldova | 66.6 | 94 | El Salvador | 55.6 | 144 | Haiti | 34.4 | | 45 | Cyprus | 66.5 | 95 | Philippines | 55.5 | 145 | Chad | 31.8 | | 46 | Ukraine | 66.4 | 96 | Cape Verde | 55.5 | 146 | Niger | 31.4 | | 47 | Russia | 66.4 | 97 | Sri Lanka | 54.8 | 147 | Congo D.R. | 31.3 | | 48 | Turkey | 66.1 | 98 | Indonesia | 54.4 | 148 | Liberia | 30.5 | | 49 | Qatar | 65.8 | 99 | South Africa | 53.8 | 149 | Central African Rep. | 26.1 | | 50 | Armenia | 65.4 | 100 | Kuwait | 52.5 | | | |
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Cañizares, J.F.R., Galindo, P.V., Phillis, Y. et al. Graphical sustainability analysis using disjoint biplots.Oper Res Int J 22, 1575–1596 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-020-00573-7
- Received: 07 February 2020
- Revised: 05 April 2020
- Accepted: 14 May 2020
- Published: 22 May 2020
- Version of record: 22 May 2020
- Issue date: April 2022
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-020-00573-7