- Del Zoppo GJ, Zeumer H, Harker LA. Thrombolytic therapy in stroke: possibilities and hazards. Stroke. 1986;17(4):595–607.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Fiorelli M, Bastianello S, von Kummer R, del Zoppo GJ, Larrue V, Lesaffre E, et al. Hemorrhagic transformation within 36 hours of a cerebral infarct: relationships with early clinical deterioration and 3-month outcome in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I (ECASS I) cohort. Stroke. 1999;30(11):2280–4.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Davalos A, Guidetti D, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(13):1317–29.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- No Author. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(24):1581–7.
Google Scholar
- Eissa A, Krass I, Bajorek BV. Optimizing the management of acute ischaemic stroke: a review of the utilization of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2012.01366.x.
- Heo JH, Lucero J, Abumiya T, Koziol JA, Copeland BR, del Zoppo GJ. Matrix metalloproteinases increase very early during experimental focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;19(6):624–33.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- del Zoppo GJ, Frankowski H, Gu YH, Osada T, Kanazawa M, Milner R, et al. Microglial cell activation is a source of metalloproteinase generation during hemorrhagic transformation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32(5):919–32.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Kamijyo Y, Garcia JH, Cooper J. Temporary regional cerebral ischemia in the cat. A model of hemorrhagic and subcortical infarction. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1977;36(2):338–50.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- de Courten-Myers GM, Kleinholz M, Wagner KR, Myers RE. Fatal strokes in hyperglycemic cats. Stroke. 1989;20(12):1707–15.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Lapchak PA, Chapman DF, Zivin JA. Metalloproteinase inhibition reduces thrombolytic (tissue plasminogen activator)-induced hemorrhage after thromboembolic stroke. Stroke. 2000;31(12):3034–40.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Yenari MA, Lee LK, Beaulieu C, Sun GH, Kunis D, Chang D, et al. Thrombolysis with reteplase, an unglycosylated plasminogen activator variant, in experimental embolic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998;7(3):179–86.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Asahi M, Asahi K, Wang X, Lo EH. Reduction of tissue plasminogen activator-induced hemorrhage and brain injury by free radical spin trapping after embolic focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20(3):452–7.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Chen CH, Manaenko A, Zhan Y, Liu WW, Ostrowki RP, Tang J, et al. Hydrogen gas reduced acute hyperglycemia-enhanced hemorrhagic transformation in a focal ischemia rat model. Neuroscience. 2010;169(1):402–14.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Sun L, Zhou W, Heiland S, Marti HH, Veltkamp R. A translationally relevant thromboembolic stroke model for the study of secondary hemorrhage after thrombolysis in rats. Brain Res. 2011;1368:346–54.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Qin Z, Karabiyikoglu M, Hua Y, Silbergleit R, He Y, Keep RF, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen-induced attenuation of hemorrhagic transformation after experimental focal transient cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2007;38(4):1362–7.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Fagan SC, Kozak A, Hill WD, Pollock DM, Xu L, Johnson MH, et al. Hypertension after experimental cerebral ischemia: candesartan provides neurovascular protection. J Hypertens. 2006;24(3):535–9.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Murata Y, Rosell A, Scannevin RH, Rhodes KJ, Wang X, Lo EH. Extension of the thrombolytic time window with minocycline in experimental stroke. Stroke. 2008;39(12):3372–7.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Copin JC, Merlani P, Sugawara T, Chan PH, Gasche Y. Delayed matrix metalloproteinase inhibition reduces intracerebral hemorrhage after embolic stroke in rats. Exp Neurol. 2008;213(1):196–201.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lu A, Clark JF, Broderick JP, Pyne-Geithman GJ, Wagner KR, Khatri P, et al. Mechanical reperfusion is associated with post-ischemic hemorrhage in rat brain. Exp Neurol. 2009;216(2):407–12.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Hu Q, Ma Q, Zhan Y, He Z, Tang J, Zhou C, et al. Isoflurane enhanced hemorrhagic transformation by impairing antioxidant enzymes in hyperglycemic rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1750–6.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Fagan SC, Garcia JH. Hemorrhagic transformation in focal cerebral ischemia: influence of time to artery reopening and tissue plasminogen activator. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19(2):139–42.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Fagan SC, Nagaraja TN, Fenstermacher JD, Zheng J, Johnson M, Knight RA. Hemorrhagic transformation is related to the duration of occlusion and treatment with tissue plasminogen activator in a nonembolic stroke model. Neurol Res. 2003;25(4):377–82.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Henning EC, Latour LL, Hallenbeck JM, Warach S. Reperfusion-associated hemorrhagic transformation in SHR rats: evidence of symptomatic parenchymal hematoma. Stroke. 2008;39(12):3405–10.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Crumrine RC, Marder VJ, Taylor GM, Lamanna JC, Tsipis CP, Scuderi P, et al. Intra-arterial administration of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) causes more intracranial bleeding than does intravenous rt-PA in a transient rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Exp Transl Stroke Med. 2011;3(1):10.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Choudhri TF, Hoh BL, Solomon RA, Connolly Jr ES, Pinsky DJ. Use of a spectrophotometric hemoglobin assay to objectively quantify intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Stroke. 1997;28(11):2296–302.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Jia L, Chopp M, Zhang L, Lu M, Zhang Z. Erythropoietin in combination of tissue plasminogen activator exacerbates brain hemorrhage when treatment is initiated 6 hours after stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(9):2071–6.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Ishiguro M, Kawasaki K, Suzuki Y, Ishizuka F, Mishiro K, Egashira Y, et al. A Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, fasudil, prevents matrix metalloproteinase-9-related hemorrhagic transformation in mice treated with tissue plasminogen activator. Neuroscience. 2012;220:302–12.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Yenari MA, Xu L, Tang XN, Qiao Y, Giffard RG. Microglia potentiate damage to blood–brain barrier constituents: improvement by minocycline in vivo and in vitro. Stroke. 2006;37(4):1087–93.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- McColl BW, Rose N, Robson FH, Rothwell NJ, Lawrence CB. Increased brain microvascular MMP-9 and incidence of haemorrhagic transformation in obese mice after experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(2):267–72.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Ishiguro M, Mishiro K, Fujiwara Y, Chen H, Izuta H, Tsuruma K, et al. Phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor prevents hemorrhagic transformation induced by focal cerebral ischemia in mice treated with tPA. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e15178.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Haddad M, Beray-Berthat V, Coqueran B, Palmier B, Szabo C, Plotkine M, et al. Reduction of hemorrhagic transformation by PJ34, a poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor, after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;588(1):52–7.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Garcia-Yebenes I, Sobrado M, Zarruk JG, Castellanos M, de la Perez OS, Davalos A, et al. A mouse model of hemorrhagic transformation by delayed tissue plasminogen activator administration after in situ thromboembolic stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(1):196–203.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Howells DW, Porritt MJ, Rewell SS, O’Collins V, Sena ES, van der Worp HB, et al. Different strokes for different folks: the rich diversity of animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(8):1412–31.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bacigaluppi M, Comi G, Hermann DM. Animal models of ischemic stroke. Part two: modeling cerebral ischemia. Open Neurol J. 2010;4:34–8.
PubMed Google Scholar
- Guan W, Kozak A, El-Remessy AB, Johnson MH, Pillai BA, Fagan SC. Acute treatment with candesartan reduces early injury after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Transl Stroke Res. 2011;2(2):179–85.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Bowes MP, Zivin JA, Thomas GR, Thibodeaux H, Fagan SC. Acute hypertension, but not thrombolysis, increases the incidence and severity of hemorrhagic transformation following experimental stroke in rabbits. Exp Neurol. 1996;141(1):40–6.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Elewa HF, Kozak A, Johnson MH, Ergul A, Fagan SC. Blood pressure lowering after experimental cerebral ischemia provides neurovascular protection. J Hypertens. 2007;25(4):855–9.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Guan W, Kozak A, Fagan SC. Drug repurposing for vascular protection after acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2011;111:295–8.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Kozak W, Kozak A, Johnson MH, Elewa HF, Fagan SC. Vascular protection with candesartan after experimental acute stroke in hypertensive rats: a dose–response study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;326(3):773–82.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Ergul A, Elgebaly MM, Middlemore ML, Li W, Elewa H, Switzer JA, et al. Increased hemorrhagic transformation and altered infarct size and localization after experimental stroke in a rat model type 2 diabetes. BMC Neurol. 2007;7:33.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Elgebaly MM, Ogbi S, Li W, Mezzetti EM, Prakash R, Johnson MH, et al. Neurovascular injury in acute hyperglycemia and diabetes: a comparative analysis in experimental stroke. Transl Stroke Res. 2011;2(3):391–8.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Elgebaly MM, Prakash R, Li W, Ogbi S, Johnson MH, Mezzetti EM, et al. Vascular protection in diabetic stroke: role of matrix metalloprotease-dependent vascular remodeling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(12):1928–38.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lo EH. Experimental models, neurovascular mechanisms and translational issues in stroke research. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;153 Suppl 1:S396–405.
PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Kozak A, Ergul A, El-Remessy AB, Johnson MH, Machado LS, Elewa HF, et al. Candesartan augments ischemia-induced proangiogenic state and results in sustained improvement after stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(5):1870–6.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- de Courten-Myers GM, Kleinholz M, Holm P, DeVoe G, Schmitt G, Wagner KR, et al. Hemorrhagic infarct conversion in experimental stroke. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21(2):120–6.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Tejima E, Katayama Y, Suzuki Y, Kano T, Lo EH. Hemorrhagic transformation after fibrinolysis with tissue plasminogen activator: evaluation of role of hypertension with rat thromboembolic stroke model. Stroke. 2001;32(6):1336–40.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Zhang F, Wang S, Luo Y, Ji X, Nemoto EM, Chen J. When hypothermia meets hypotension and hyperglycemia: the diverse effects of adenosine 5′-monophosphate on cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009;29(5):1022–34.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Zhang L, Zhang ZG, Zhang RL, Lu M, Adams J, Elliott PJ, et al. Postischemic (6-hour) treatment with recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator and proteasome inhibitor PS-519 reduces infarction in a rat model of embolic focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2001;32(12):2926–31.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lapchak PA. A clinically relevant rabbit embolic stroke model for acute ischemic stroke therapy development: mechanisms and targets. In: Lapchak PA, Zhang JH, editors. Translational stroke research: from target selection to clinical trials. New York: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research: Springer; 2012. p. 541–84.
Chapter Google Scholar
- Dijkhuizen RM, Asahi M, Wu O, Rosen BR, Lo EH. Rapid breakdown of microvascular barriers and subsequent hemorrhagic transformation after delayed recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment in a rat embolic stroke model. Stroke. 2002;33(8):2100–4.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Hornig CR, Dorndorf W, Agnoli AL. Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction—a prospective study. Stroke. 1986;17(2):179–85.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Renou P, Sibon I, Tourdias T, Rouanet F, Rosso C, Galanaud D, et al. Reliability of the ECASS radiological classification of postthrombolysis brain haemorrhage: a comparison of CT and three MRI sequences. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;29(6):597–604.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Lapchak PA. Translational stroke research using a rabbit embolic stroke model: a correlative analysis hypothesis for novel therapy development. Transl Stroke Res. 2010;1(2):96–107.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Turner RJ, Jickling GC, Sharp FR. Are underlying assumptions of current animal models of human stroke correct: from STAIRs to high hurdles? Transl Stroke Res. 2011;2(2):138–43.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
- Machado LS, Sazonova IY, Kozak A, Wiley DC, El-Remessy AB, Ergul A, et al. Minocycline and tissue-type plasminogen activator for stroke: assessment of interaction potential. Stroke. 2009;40(9):3028–33.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Park JH, Ko Y, Kim WJ, Jang MS, Yang MH, Han MK, et al. Is asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformation really innocuous? Neurology. 2012;78(6):421–6.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
- Copin JC, Gasche Y. Effect of the duration of middle cerebral artery occlusion on the risk of hemorrhagic transformation after tissue plasminogen activator injection in rats. Brain Res. 2008;1243:161–6.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar