Controversies in the management of Graves’ disease in children (original) (raw)

• Conference Proceeding: Hepatic Toxicity Following Treatment for Pediatric Graves’ Disease Meeting: October 28, 2008. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. http://bpca.nichd.nih.gov/outreach/index.cfm. Accessed Jan 14 2009
• Marino M, Latrofa F, Menconi F, Chiovato L, Vitti P (2015) Role of genetic and non-genetic factors in the etiology of Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Investig 38(3):283–294. doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0214-2
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Smith J, Brown RS (2007) Persistence of thyrotropin (TSH) receptor antibodies in children and adolescents with Graves’ disease treated using antithyroid medication. Thyroid 17(11):1103–1107
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rivkees SA, Sklar C, Freemark M (1998) Clinical review 99: the management of Graves’ disease in children, with special emphasis on radioiodine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(11):3767–3776
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barrio-Barrio J, Sabater AL, Bonet-Farriol E, Velazquez-Villoria A, Galofre JC (2015) Graves’ ophthalmopathy: VISA versus EUGOGO classification, assessment, and management. J Ophthalmol 2015:249125. doi:10.1155/2015/249125
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bahn RS (2015) Current insights into the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Horm Metab Res 47(10):773–778. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1555762
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bartalena L, Fatourechi V (2014) Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease: a 2014 update. J Endocrinol Investig 37(8):691–700. doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0097-2
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Leger J, Gelwane G, Kaguelidou F, Benmerad M, Alberti C (2012) Positive impact of long-term antithyroid drug treatment on the outcome of children with Graves’ disease: national long-term cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(1):110–119. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1944
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kaguelidou F, Alberti C, Castanet M, Guitteny MA, Czernichow P, Leger J (2008) Predictors of autoimmune hyperthyroidism relapse in children after discontinuation of antithyroid drug treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(10):3817–3826
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Havgaard Kjaer R, Smedegard Andersen M, Hansen D (2015) Increasing incidence of juvenile thyrotoxicosis in denmark: a nationwide study, 1998–2012. Horm Res Paediatr 84(2):102–107. doi:10.1159/000430985
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jevalikar G, Solis J, Zacharin M (2014) Long-term outcomes of pediatric Graves’ disease. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 27(11–12):1131–1136. doi:10.1515/jpem-2013-0342
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ohye H, Minagawa A, Noh JY, Mukasa K, Kunii Y, Watanabe N, Matsumoto M, Suzuki M, Yoshihara A, Ito K, Ito K (2014) Antithyroid drug treatment for graves’ disease in children: a long-term retrospective study at a single institution. Thyroid 24(2):200–207. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0612
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Glaser NS, Styne DM (1997) Predictors of early remission of hyperthyroidism in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(6):1719–1726
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Glaser NS, Styne DM (2008) Predicting the likelihood of remission in children with Graves’ disease: a prospective, multicenter study. Pediatrics 121(3):e481–e488
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Hamburger JI (1985) Management of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60(5):1019–1024
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lippe BM, Landaw EM, Kaplan SA (1987) Hyperthyroidism in children treated with long term medical therapy: twenty-five percent remission every two years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64(6):1241–1245
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shulman DI, Muhar I, Jorgensen EV, Diamond FB, Bercu BB, Root AW (1997) Autoimmune hyperthyroidism in prepubertal children and adolescents: comparison of clinical and biochemical features at diagnosis and responses to medical therapy. Thyroid 7(5):755–760
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chapman EM (1983) History of the discovery and early use of radioactive iodine. JAMA 250(15):2042–2044
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weetman AP (2003) Grave’s disease 1835-2002. Horm Res 59(Suppl 1):114–118
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cooper DS (2005) Antithyroid drugs. N Engl J Med 352(9):905–917
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Merkel PA (1998) Drugs associated with vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 10(1):45–50
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cooper DS (1998) Antithyroid drugs for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 27(1):225–247
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nakamura H, Noh JY, Itoh K, Fukata S, Miyauchi A, Hamada N (2007) Comparison of methimazole and propylthiouracil in patients with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(6):2157–2162
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rivkees SA (2010) 63 Years and 715 days to the “Boxed Warning”: unmasking of the propylthiouracil problem. Int J Pediatric Endocrinol vol. 2010, Article ID 658267, 3 pages, 2010. doi:10.1155/2010/658267
• Rivkees SA, Mattison DR (2009) Ending propylthiouracil-induced liver failure in children. N Engl J Med 360(15):1574–1575. doi:10.1056/NEJMc0809750
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII – Phase 2 (2006). National Academies Press, Washington D.C
• Rivkees SA, Mattison DR (2009) Propylthiouracil (PTU) hepatoxicity in children and recommendations for discontinuation of use. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2009:132041. doi:10.1155/2009/132041
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dotsch J, Siebler T, Hauffa BP, Doeker B, Andler W, Bettendorf M, Heinrich U, Gohlke B, Albers N, Willgerodt H, Kiess W (2000) Diagnosis and management of juvenile hyperthyroidism in Germany: a retrospective multicenter study. J Pediatric Endocrinol 13(7):879–885
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Dotsch J, Rascher W, Dorr HG (2003) Graves disease in childhood: a review of the options for diagnosis and treatment. Paediatr Drugs 5(2):95–102
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Slyper AH, Wyatt D, Boudreau C (2005) Effective methimazole dose for childhood Grave’s disease and use of free triiodothyronine combined with concurrent thyroid-stimulating hormone level to identify mild hyperthyroidism and delayed pituitary recovery. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 18(6):597–602
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cassio A, Corrias A, Gualandi S, Tato L, Cesaretti G, Volta C, Weber G, Bona G, Cappa M, Bal M, Bellone J, Cicognani A (2006) Influence of gender and pubertal stage at diagnosis on growth outcome in childhood thyrotoxicosis: results of a collaborative study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64(1):53–57
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sato H, Harada S, Yokoya S, Tanaka T, Asayama K, Mori M, Sasaki N (2007) Treatment for childhood-onset Graves’ disease in Japan: results of a nationwide questionnaire survey of pediatric endocrinologists and thyroidologists. Thyroid 17(1):67–72
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Nicholas WC, Fischer RG, Stevenson RA, Bass JD (1995) Single daily dose of methimazole compared to every 8 hours propylthiouracil in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. South Med J 88(9):973–976
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Montori VM, Rivkees SA, Ross DS, Sosa JA, Stan MN, American Thyroid A, American Association of Clinical E (2011) Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Endocr Pract 17(3):456–520
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Abraham P, Avenell A, Watson WA, Park CM, Bevan JS (2005) Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD003420
• Razvi S, Vaidya B, Perros P, Pearce SH (2006) What is the evidence behind the evidence-base? The premature death of block-replace antithyroid drug regimens for Graves’ disease. Eur J Endocrinol 154(6):783–786
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cooper DS, Goldminz D, Levin AA, Ladenson PW, Daniels GH, Molitch ME, Ridgway EC (1983) Agranulocytosis associated with antithyroid drugs. Effects of patient age and drug dose. Ann Intern Med 98(1):26–29
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Woeber KA (2002) Methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity. Endocr Pract 8(3):222–224
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Rivkees SA, Stephenson K, Dinauer C (2010) Adverse events associated with methimazole therapy of graves’ disease in children. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2010:176970. doi:10.1155/2010/176970
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Tajiri J, Noguchi S (2005) Antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: how has granulocyte colony-stimulating factor changed therapy? Thyroid 15(3):292–297
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weetman AP (2006) Graves’ hyperthyroidism: how long should antithyroid drug therapy be continued to achieve remission? Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2:2–3
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Allannic H, Fauchet R, Orgiazzi J, Madec AM, Genetet B, Lorcy Y, Le Guerrier AM, Delambre C, Derennes V (1990) Antithyroid drugs and Graves’ disease: a prospective randomized evaluation of the efficacy of treatment duration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70(3):675–679
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• García-Mayor RV, Paramo C, Cano RL, Mendez LP, Galofre JC, Andrade A (1992) Antithyroid drug and Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Significance of treatment duration and TRAb determination on lasting remission. J Endocrinol Investig 15(11):815–820
  Article Google Scholar
• Maugendre D, Gatel A, Campion L, Massart C, Guilhem I, Lorcy Y, Lescouarch J, Herry JY, Allannic H (1999) Antithyroid drugs and Graves’ disease—prospective randomized assessment of long-term treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50(1):127–132
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Laurberg P, Nygaard B, Andersen S, Carle A, Karmisholt J, Krejbjerg A, Pedersen IB, Andersen SL (2014) Association between TSH-Receptor autoimmunity, hyperthyroidism, goitre, and orbitopathy in 208 patients included in the remission induction and sustenance in Graves’ disease study. J Thyroid Res 2014:165487. doi:10.1155/2014/165487
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Laurberg P, Wallin G, Tallstedt L, Abraham-Nordling M, Lundell G, Torring O (2008) TSH-receptor autoimmunity in Graves’ disease after therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: a 5-year prospective randomized study. Eur J Endocrinol 158(1):69–75. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0450
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lazar L, Kalter-Leibovici O, Pertzelan A, Weintrob N, Josefsberg Z, Phillip M (2000) Thyrotoxicosis in prepubertal children compared with pubertal and postpubertal patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(10):3678–3682
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gruneiro-Papendieck L, Chiesa A, Finkielstain G, Heinrich JJ (2003) Pediatric Graves’ disease: outcome and treatment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16(9):1249–1255
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Chen YK, Lin CL, Chang YJ, Cheng FT, Peng CL, Sung FC, Cheng YH, Kao CH (2013) Cancer risk in patients with Graves’ disease: a nationwide cohort study. Thyroid 23(7):879–884. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0568
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL (2000) Thyroid cancer and Graves’ disease: the controversy ten years later. Endocr Pract 6(2):221–225. doi:10.4158/EP.6.2.221
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ron E, Doody MM, Becker DV, Brill AB, Curtis RE, Goldman MB, Harris BS 3rd, Hoffman DA, McConahey WM, Maxon HR, Preston-Martin S, Warshauer ME, Wong FL, Boice JD Jr (1998) Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study group. JAMA 280(4):347–355
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dobyns BM, Sheline GE, Workman JB, Tompkins EA, McConahey WM, Becker DV (1974) Malignant and benign neoplasms of the thyroid in patients treated for hyperthyroidism: a report of the cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:976–998
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ron E, Doody Becker DV, Brill Curtis, Goldman Harris B, Hoffman McConahey, Maxon Preston-Martin, Warshauer Wong, Boice JDJ (1998) Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study group. JAMA 280:347–355
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Harper L, Chin L, Daykin J, Allahabadia A, Heward J, Gough SC, Savage CO, Franklyn JA (2004) Propylthiouracil and carbimazole associated-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in patients with Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60(6):671–675
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Guma M, Olive A, Juan M, Salinas I (2002) ANCA antibodies in Graves’ disease. Ann Rheum Dis 61(1):90–91
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Radice A, Sinico RA (2005) Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Autoimmunity 38(1):93–103
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Marshall EG (2011) Do young adults have unmet healthcare needs? J Adolesc Health 49(5):490–497. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.03.005
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Society for Adolescent M (2004) Access to health care for adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health 35(4):342–344
  Article Google Scholar
• Bahn RS, Burch HS, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee CM, Klein IL, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Rivkees SA, Ross D, Sosa JA, Stan MN (2009) The role of propylthiouracil in the management of Graves’ disease in adults: report of a meeting jointly sponsored by the American thyroid association and the food and drug administration. Thyroid 19(7):673–674. doi:10.1089/thy.2009.0169
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hertz BE, Schuller KE (2010) Saul Hertz, Md (1905–1950): a pioneer in the use of radioactive iodine. Endocrine Pract 16(4):713–715. doi:10.4158/Ep10065.Co
  Article Google Scholar
• Sheline GE, McCormack KR, Galante M (1962) Thyroid nodules occurring late after treatment of thryotoxicosis with radioiodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:8–17
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Goolden AWG, Davey JB (1963) The ablation of normal thyroid tissue with iodine-131. Br J Radiol 36:340–345
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Maxon HR, Thomas SR, Hertzberg VS, Kereiakes JG, Chen IW, Sperling MI, Saenger EL (1983) Relation between effective radiation dose and outcome of radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 309:937–941
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Levy WM, Schumacher OP, Gupta M (1988) Treatment of childhood Graves’ disease. A review with emphasis on radioiodine treatment. Cleveland Clin J Med 55:373–382
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Peters H, Fischer C, Bogner U, Reiners C, Schleusener H (1997) Treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism with radioiodine: results of a prospective randomized study. Thyroid 7(2):247–251
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Graham GD, Burman KD (1986) Radioiodine treatment of Graves’ disease. An assessment of its potential risks. Ann Intern Med 105:900–905
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nebesio TD, Siddiqui AR, Pescovitz OH, Eugster EA (2002) Time course to hypothyroidism after fixed-dose radioablation therapy of Graves’ disease in children. J Pediatr 141(1):99–103
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kalinyak JE, McDougall IR (2003) How should the dose of iodine-131 be determined in the treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(3):975–977
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Ward L, Salamon EA, Ludwig S, Rowe RC, Cowden EA (2003) A randomized comparison of radioiodine doses in Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(3):978–983
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rivkees SA, Cornelius EA (2003) Influence of iodine-131 dose on the outcome of hyperthyroidism in children. Pediatrics 111(4 Pt 1):745–749
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Levy WJ, Schumacher OP, Gupta M (1988) Treatment of childhood Graves’ disease. A review with emphasis on radioiodine treatment. Cleveland Clin J Med 55(4):373–382
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kadmon PM, Noto RB, Boney CM, Goodwin G, Gruppuso PA (2001) Thyroid storm in a child following radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy: a consequence of RAI versus withdrawal of antithyroid medication. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(5):1865–1867
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rohrs HJ 3rd, Silverstein JH, Weinstein DA, Amdur RJ, Haller MJ (2014) Thyroid storm following radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for pediatric graves disease. Am J Case Rep 15:212–215. doi:10.12659/AJCR.890366
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Becker DV, Hurly (1971) Complications of radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Semin Nucl Med 1:442–460
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Refetoff S, Demeester-Mirkine N, Ermans AM, De Groot LJ (1977) Rapid control of thyrotoxicosis with combined 131I, anthithyroid drugs and KI therapy. J Nucl Med Allied Sci 21:23–29
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ross DS, Daniels GH, De Stefano P, Maloof F, Ridgway EC (1983) Use of adjunctive potassium iodide after radioactive iodine (131I) treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:250–253
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Starr P, Jaffe HL, Oettinger L (1964) Late results of 131I treatment of hyperthyroidism in 73 children and adoloscents. J Nucl Med 5:81–89
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kogut MD, Kaplan SA, Collipp PJ, Tiamsic T, Boyle D (1965) Treatment of hyperthyroidism in children: analysis of fourty-five patients. N Engl J Med 272:217–222
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Crile G, Schumacher OP (1965) Radioactive iodine treatment of Graves’ disease. Results in 32 children under 16 years of age. Am J Dis Child 110:501–504
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Starr HJ, Oettinger L (1969) Later results of 131-I treatment of hyperthyroidism in 73 children and adolescence: 1967 follow-up. J Nucl Med 10:586–590
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hayek A, Chapman EM, Crawford JD (1970) Long term results of treatment of thyrotoxicosis in children and adolescents with radioactive iodine (131I) for hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 283:949–953
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Freitas JE, Swanson DP, Gross MD, Sisson JC (1979) Iodine131-I: optimal therapy for thyroidism in children and adolescents? J Nucl Med 20:847–850
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Moll BRP (1997) Pediatric Graves’ disease: therapeutic options and experinence with radioiodine at the University of Mississippi Medical center. South Med J 90:1017–1022
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Safa AM, Schumacher OP, Rodriguez-Antunez A (1975) Long-term follow-up results in children and adolescents treated with radioactive iodine (131I) for hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 292:167–171
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Peters H, Fischer C, Bogner U, Reiners C, Schleusener H (1995) Radioiodine therapy of Graves’ hyperthyroidism: standard vs. calculated 131 iodine activity. Results from a prospective, randomized, multicentre study. Eur J Clin Investig 25(3):186–193
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Peters H, Fischer C, Bogner U, Reiners C, Schleusener H (1996) Reduction in thyroid volume after radioiodine therapy of Graves’ hyperthyroidism: results of a prospective, randomized, multicentre study. Eur J Clin Investig 26(1):59–63
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Safa AM (1975) Treatment of hyperthyroidism with a large initial dose of sodium iodine I 131. Arch Intern Med 135:673–675
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Barnes HV, Blizzard RM (1977) Antithyroid drug therapy for toxic diffuse goiter (Graves disease): thirty years experience in children and adolscence. J Pediatr 91:313–320
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miccoli P, Vitti P, Rago T, Iacconi P, Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Fiore E, Valeriano R, Chiovato L, Rocchi R, Pinchera A (1996) Surgical treatment of Graves’ disease: subtotal or total thyroidectomy? Surgery 120(6):1020–1024 discussion 1024–1025
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sarkar SD, Beierwaltes WH, Gill SP, Cowley BJ (1976) Subsequent fertility and birth histories of children and adolescents treated with 131I for thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 17:460–464
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Boice JD Jr (2005) Radiation-induced thyroid cancer–what’s new? J Natl Cancer Instig 97(10):703–705
  Article Google Scholar
• Boice JD Jr (2006) Thyroid disease 60 years after Hiroshima and 20 years after Chernobyl. JAMA 295(9):1060–1062
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ron E, Lubin JH, Shore RE, Mabuchi K, Modan B, Pottern LM, Schneider AB, Tucker MA, Boice JD Jr (1995) Thyroid Cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiat Res 141:259–277
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dolphin GW (1968) The risk of thyroid cancers following irradiation. Health Phys 15:219–228
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sigurdson AJ, Ronckers CM, Mertens AC, Stovall M, Smith SA, Liu Y, Berkow RL, Hammond S, Neglia JP, Meadows AT, Sklar CA, Robison LL, Inskip PD (2005) Primary thyroid cancer after a first tumour in childhood (the childhood cancer survivor study): a nested case-control study. Lancet 365(9476):2014–2023
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Goldman RRM, Maloof F (1990) Cancer mortality in women with thyroid disease. Cancer Res 50:2283–2289
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Holm LE, Hall P, Wiklund K, Lundell G, Berg G, Bjelkengren G, Cederquist E, Ericsson UB, Hallquist A, Larsson LG (1991) Cancer risk after iodine-131 therapy for hyperthyroidism. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:1072–1077
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Franklyn JA, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard MC, Betteridge J, Boyle P (1998) Mortality after the treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine. N Engl J Med 338(11):712–718
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Franklyn JA, Sheppard MC, Maisonneuve P (2005) Thyroid function and mortality in patients treated for hyperthyroidism. JAMA 294(1):71–80
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Flynn RW, Macdonald TM, Jung RT, Morris AD, Leese GP (2006) Mortality and vascular outcomes in patients treated for thyroid dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(6):2159–2164
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Metso S, Auvinen A, Huhtala H, Salmi J, Oksala H, Jaatinen P (2007) Increased cancer incidence after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. Cancer 109(10):1972–1979
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Read CH Jr, Tansey MJ, Menda Y (2004) A thirty-six year retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of radioactive iodine in treating young Graves' pateints. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(9):4229–4233
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Toohey RE, Stabin MG, Watson EE (2000) The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: internal radiation dosimetry: principles and applications. Radiographics 20(2):533–546
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Toohey RE, Stabin MG (1996) Comparative analysis of dosimetry parameters for nuclear medicine. ORISE Report 99-1064, 1999. In: Proceedings of the sixth international radiopharmaceutical dosimetry symposium, Gatlinburg, TN, 1996. pp 532–551
• Ching T, Warden MJ, Fefferman RA (1977) Thyroid surgery in children and teenagers. Arch Otolaryngol 103:544–546
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Buckingham BA, Costin G, Roe TF, Weitzman JJ, Kogut MD (1981) Hyperthyroidism in children. A reevaluation of treatment. Am J Dis Child 135(2):112–117
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rudberg Johansson H, Akerstrom G, Tuvemo Karlsson FA (1996) Graves’ disease in children and adolescents. Late results of surgical treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 134:710–715
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sosa JA, Tuggle CT, Wang TS, Thomas DC, Boudourakis L, Rivkees S, Roman SA (2008) Clinical and economic outcomes of thyroid and parathyroid surgery in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(8):3058–3065
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Breuer CK, Solomon D, Donovan P, Rivkees SA (2013) Udelsman R (2013) Effect of patient Age on surgical outcomes for Graves’ disease: a case-control study of 100 consecutive patients at a high volume thyroid surgical center. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 1:1. doi:10.1186/1687-9856-2013-1
  Article Google Scholar
• Lal G, Ituarte P, Kebebew E, Siperstein A, Duh QY, Clark OH (2005) Should total thyroidectomy become the preferred procedure for surgical management of Graves’ disease? Thyroid 15(6):569–574
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Boger MS, Perrier ND (2004) Advantages and disadvantages of surgical therapy and optimal extent of thyroidectomy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Surg Clin North Am 84(3):849–874
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Witte J, Goretzki PE, Dotzenrath C, Simon D, Felis P, Neubauer M, Roher HD (2000) Surgery for Graves’ disease: total versus subtotal thyroidectomy-results of a prospective randomized trial. World J Surg 24(11):1303–1311
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sosa JA, Bowman HM, Tielsch JM, Powe NR, Gordon TA, Udelsman R (1998) The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Ann Surg 228(3):320–330
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Breuer C, Tuggle C, Solomon D, Sosa JA (2013) Pediatric thyroid disease: when is surgery necessary, and who should be operating on our children? J Clin Res Pediatric Endocrinol 5(Suppl 1):79–85. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.817
  Google Scholar
• Peroni E, Angiolini MR, Vigone MC, Mari G, Chiumello G, Beretta E, Weber G (2012) Surgical management of pediatric Graves’ disease: an effective definitive treatment. Pediatr Surg Int 28(6):609–614. doi:10.1007/s00383-012-3095-5
  Article PubMed Google Scholar