Biophysical processes in invertebrate photoreceptors: recent progress and a critical overview based on Limulus photoreceptors | Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

References

Adolph, A. R. (1964). Spontaneous slow potential fluctuations in the Limulus photoreceptor. J. gen. Physiol. 48, 297–322.Google Scholar

Adolph, A. R. (1968). Thermal and spectral sensitivities of discrete slow potentials in Limulus eye. J. Gen. Physiol. 52, 584–599.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ammann, D. (1986). Ionoselective Microelectrodes. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Bacigalupo, J., Chinn, K. & Lisman, J. E. (1986). Ion channels activated by light in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 87, 73–89.Google Scholar

Bacigalupo, J. & Lisman, J. E. (1983). Single channel currents activated by light in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Nature, Lond. 304, 268–270.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bacigalupo, J. & Lisman, J. E. (1984). Light-activated channels in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Biophys. J. 45, 3–5.Google Scholar

Baker, P. F. & Dipolo, R. (1984). Axonal calcium and magnesium homeostasis. Curr. Top. Membr. Transp. 22, 195–247.CrossRef Google Scholar

Baverstock, J., Nobes, K. & Saibil, H. (1990). G-protein activation in squid photoreceptor membranes. Int. Symp. Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells, abstr. p. 53. FRG: Jülich.Google Scholar

Bayer, D. S. & Barlow, R. B. (1978). Limulus ventral eye: physiological properties of photoreceptor cells in an organ culture medium. J. gen. Physiol. 72, 539–563.Google Scholar

Becker, U. W., Nuske, J. H. & Stieve, H. (1988). Phototransduction in the microvillar visual cell of Limulus: electrophysiology and biochemistry. In Progress in retinal research. (ed. Osborn, N. & Chader, J.), Vol. 8, pp. 229–253. Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Berridge, M. J. (1983). Rapid accumulation of inositol trisphosphate reveals that agonists hydrolyse polyphosphoinositides instead of phosphatidylinositol. Biochem. J. 212, 849–858.Google Scholar

Berridge, M. J. & Irvine, R. F. (1984). Inositol trisphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction. Nature, Lond. 312, 315–321.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Blinks, J. R., Wier, W. G., Hess, P. & Prendergast, F. G. (1982). Measurement of Ca2+ concentrations in living cells. Prog. Biophys. molec. Biol. 40, 1–114.Google Scholar

Bolsover, S. R. & Brown, J. E. (1982). Injection of guanosine and adenosine Nucleotides into Limulus ventral photoreceptor cells. J. Physiol., Lond. 332, 325–342.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bolsover, S. R. & Brown, J. E. (1985). Calcium ion, an intracellular messenger of light adaptation, also participates in excitation of Limulus photoreceptors. J. Physiol., Lond. 364, 384–393.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Borsellino, A. & Fourtes, M. G. F. (1968). Responses to single photons in visual cells of Limulus. J. Physiol., Lond. 196, 507–539.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, H. M. (1976). Intracellular Na+, K+ and Cl− activities in Balanus photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 68, 281–296.Google Scholar

Brown, H. M., Rydqvist, B. & Moser, H. (1988). Intracellular calcium changes in Balanus photoreceptor. A study with calcium ion-selective electrodes and arsenazo III. Cell Calc. 9, 105–119.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, J. E. (1986). Calcium and light adaptation in invertebrate photoreceptors. In The Molecular Mechanism of Phototransduction, Dahlem Konferenzen (ed. Stieve, H.), pp. 231–240. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Brown, J. E. & Blinks, J. R. (1974). Changes in intracellular free calcium during illumination of invertebrate photoreceptors. Detection with aequorin. J. gen. Physiol. 64, 643–665.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, J. E., Brown, P. K. & Pinto, L. H. (1977). Detection of light-induced changes of intracellular ionized calcium concentration in Limulus ventral photoreceptors using arsenazo III. J. Physiol., Lond. 267, 299–320.Google Scholar

Brown, J. E. & Coles, J. A. (1979). Saturation of the response to light in Limulus ventral photoreceptor. J. Physiol., Lond. 296, 373–392.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, J. E., Faddis, M. N. & Combs, A. (1990). Guanine nucleotide metabolism in invertebrate phototransduction. Int. Symposium on Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells. Julich, FRG. Abstr. p24.Google Scholar

Brown, J. E., Kaupp, U. B. & Malbon, C. C. (1984 a). 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and adenylate cyclase in phototransduction by Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. Physiol., Lond. 353, 523–539.Google Scholar

Brown, J. E. & Lisman, J. E. (1972). An electrogenic sodium pump in Limulus ventral photoreceptor cells. J. gen. Physiol. 59, 720–740.Google Scholar

Brown, J. E. & Lisman, J. E. (1975). Intracellular Ca modulates sensitivity and time scale in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Nature, Lond. 258, 252–254.Google Scholar

Brown, J. E. & Mote, M. I. (1974). Ionic dependence of reversal voltage of the light response in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 63, 337–350.Google Scholar

Brown, J. E. & Rubin, L. J. (1984). A direct demonstration that inositol trisphosphate induces an increase in intracellular calcium in Limulus photoreceptors. Biochim. biophys. Res. Commun. 125, 1137–1142.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, J. E. & Rubin, L. J. (1986). Signal transduction: the putative participation of inositol trisphosphates in Limulus photoreceptors. In Fortschritte der Zoologie. Membrane Control, Band 33 (ed. Liittgau, H. C.), pp. 321–331. Stuttgart, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag.Google Scholar

Brown, J. E., Rubin, L. J., Ghalayini, A. J., Tarver, A. P., Irvine, R. F., Berridge, M. J. & Anderson, R. E. (1984 b). Myo-inositol polyphosphate may be a messenger for visual excitation in Limulus photoreceptors. Nature, Lond. 311, 160–163.Google Scholar

Calhoon, R., Tsuda, M. & Ebrey, G. (1980). A light activated GTPase from octopus photoreceptors. Biochim. biophys. Res. Commun. 94, 1452–1457.Google Scholar

Calman, B. G. & Chamberlain, S. C. (1982). Distinct lobes of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. II. Structure and ultrastructure. J. gen. Physiol. 80, 839–862.Google Scholar

Chinn, K. & Lisman, J. (1984 a). Calcium mediates the light-induced decrease in maintained K+ current in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 84, 447–462.Google Scholar

Chinn, K. & Lisman, J. (1984 b). Light reduces the voltage-dependent inward current in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 84, 463–473.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Classen-Linke, I. & Stieve, H. (1986). The sensitivity of the ventral nerve photoreceptor of Limulus recovers after light adaptation in two phases of dark adaptation. Z. Naturf. 41c, 657–667.CrossRef Google Scholar

Cone, R. A. (1973). The internal transmitter model for visual excitation: some quantitative implication. In Biochemistry and Physiology of Visual Pigments (ed. Langer, H.), pp. 275–282. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Cooper, A., Dixon, S. F. & Tsuda, M. (1986). Photoenergetics of octopus rhodopsin. Convergent evolution of biological photon counters? Eur. Biophys. J. 13, 195–201.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Corson, D. W. & Fein, A. (1980). The pH dependence of discrete wave frequency in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Brain Res. 193, 558–561.Google Scholar

Corson, D. W. & Fein, A. (1983). Chemical excitation of Limulus photoreceptors. I. Phosphatase inhibitors induce discrete wave production in the dark. J. gen. Physiol. 82, 639–657.Google Scholar

Corson, D. W. & Fein, A. (1987). Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate induces bursts of calcium release inside limulus ventral photoreceptors. Brain Res. 423, 343–346.Google Scholar

Corson, D. W., Fein, A. & Schmidt, J. (1979). Two effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Brain Res. 176, 365–368.Google Scholar

Corson, D. W., Fein, A. & Walthall, W. W. (1983). Chemical excitation of Limulus photoreceptors. II. Vanadate, GTP-γ-S and fluoride prolong excitation by dim flashes of light. J. gen. Physiol. 82, 659–677.Google Scholar

Deckert, A., Helrich, C. S. & Stieve, H. (1991 b). Multiple components in the light-induced current of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Eur. Biophys. J. (submitted).Google Scholar

Deckert, A., Nagy, K. & Stieve, H. (1991 a). Components of the light-induced macroscopic current in Limulus ventral photoreceptor result from different ion channels. In Synapse-Transmission-Modulation (ed. Eisner, N. and Penzlin, H.). Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme Verlag.Google Scholar

Deckert, A. & Stieve, H. (1991). Electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, the calcium link between intra- and extracellular space in the Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor. J. Physiol., Lond. 433, 467–482.Google Scholar

Devary, O., Heichal, O., Blumenfield, A., Cassel, D., Suss, E., Barash, S., Rubinstein, C. T., Minke, B. & Selinger, Z. (1987). Coupling of photoexcited rhodopsin to inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in fly photoreceptors. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 3939–3943.Google Scholar

Dirnberger, G., Keiper, W., Schnakenberg, J. & Stieve, H. (1985). Comparison of time constants of single channel patches, quantum bumps and noise analysis in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. Membrane. Biol. 83, 39–43.Google Scholar

Dodge, F. A., Knight, B. W. & Toyoda, J. (1968). Voltage noise in Limulus visual cells. Science, Wash. 160, 88–90.Google Scholar

Fain, G. L. & Lisman, J. E. (1981). Membrane conductances of photoreceptors. Prog. Biophys. Molec. Biol. 37, 91–147.Google Scholar

Fein, A. (1986). Blockade of visual excitation and adaptation in Limulus photoreceptors by GDP-ß-S. Science, Wash. 232, 1543–1545.CrossRef Google Scholar

Fein, A. & Charlton, J. S. (1977 a). Enhancement and phototransduction in the ventral eye of Limulus. J. gen. Physiol. 69, 553–569.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fein, A. & Charlton, J. S. (1977 b). A quantitative comparison of the effects of intracellular calcium injection and light adaptation on the photoresponse of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 70, 591–600.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fein, A. & Corson, D. W. (1982). Internal injection of ATP can reduce discrete wave activity. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole 163, 395.Google Scholar

Fein, A. & DeVoe, R. D. (1973). Adaptation in the ventral eye of Limulus is functionally independent of the photochemical cycle, membrane potential and membrane resistance. J. gen. Physiol. 61, 273–289.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fein, A. & Lisman, J. (1975). Localized desensitization of Limulus photoreceptors produced by light or intracellular calcium ion injection. Science, Wash. 187, 1094–1096.Google Scholar

Fein, A. & Payne, R. (1989). Phototransduction in Limulus photoreceptors: roles of calcium and inositol trisphosphate. In Facets of Vision (ed. Stavenga, D. G. and Hardie, R. C.), pp. 173–185. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Fein, A., Payne, R., Corson, D. W., Berridge, M. J. & Irvine, R. F. (1984). Photoreceptor excitation and adaptation by inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate. Nature, Lond. 311, 157–160.Google Scholar

Fein, A. & Tsacopoulos, M. (1988). Light-induced oxygen consumption in Limulus ventral photoreceptors does not result from a rise in the intracellular sodium concentration. J. gen. Physiol. 91, 515–527.Google Scholar

Fourtes, M. G. F. & Hodgkin, A. L. (1964). Changes in time scale and sensitivity in the ommatidia of Limulus. J. Physiol., Lond. 172, 239–263.Google Scholar

Fourtes, M. G. F. & Yeandle, S. (1964). Probability of occurence of discrete potential waves in the eye of Limulus. J. gen. Physiol. 47, 443–463.Google Scholar

Goldring, M. A. & Lisman, J. E. (1983). Single photon transduction in Limulus photoreceptors and the Borsellino-Fourtes model. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cybern. SMC 13, 727–731.CrossRef Google Scholar

Grzywacz, N. M. & Hillman, P. (1985). Statistical test of linearity of photoreceptor transduction process: Limulus passes, others fail. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 232–235.Google Scholar

Grzywacz, N. M. & Hillman, P. (1988). Biophysical evidence that light adaptation in Limulus photoreceptors is due to a negative feedback. Biophys. J. 53, 337–348.Google Scholar

Grzywacz, N. M., Hillman, P. & Knight, B. W. (1988). The quantal source of area supralinearity of flash responses in Limulus photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 91, 659–684.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hagins, W. A. (1972). The visual process: excitatory mechanism in the primary receptor cells. A. Rev. Biophys. Bioengng. 1, 131–158.Google Scholar

Hamill, O. P., Marty, A., Neher, E., Sakmann, B. & Sigworth, F. J. (1981). Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches. Pflügers. Arch. 391, 85–100.Google Scholar

Hanani, M. & Hillman, P. (1976). Adaptation and facilitation in the barnacle photoreceptor. J. gen. Physiol. 67, 235–249.Google Scholar

Helrich, C. S., Stieve, H. & Deckert, A. (1988). The reversal potential in Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor is observed to depend on dark adaptation. In Sense Organs (ed. Eisner, N. and Bart, F. G.), p. 208. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme.Google Scholar

Hille, B. (1984). Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. Sinauer Associates Inc. Sunderland, Mass.Google Scholar

Hillman, P., Hochstein, S. & Minke, B. (1983). Transduction in invertebrate photoreceptors: role of pigment bistability. Physiol. Rev. 63, 668–772.Google Scholar

Ivens, I. & Stieve, H. (1984). Influence of the membrane potential on the intracellular light induced Ca2+-concentration change of the Limulus ventral photoreceptor monitored by arsenazo III under voltage clamp conditions. Z. Naturf. 39c, 986–992.CrossRef Google Scholar

Johnson, E. C., Robinson, P. R. & Lisman, J. E. (1986). Cyclic GMP is involved in the excitation of invertebrate photoreceptors. Nature, Lond. 324, 468–470.Google Scholar

Keiper, W., Schnakenberg, J. & Stieve, H. (1984). Statistical analysis of quantum bump parameters in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Z. Naturforsch. 39c, 781–790.Google Scholar

Kirkwood, A., Weiner, D. & Lisman, J. E. (1989). An estimate of the number of G regulatory proteins activated per excitated rhodopsin in living Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 3872–3876.Google Scholar

Kraemer, P., Lederhofer, R. & Schnakenberg, J. (1989). A simple explanation for the large and widely differing time exponent of the initial response of Limulus photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 94, 1117–1120.Google Scholar

Lamb, T. D. (1981). The involvement of rod photoreceptors in dark adaptation. Vis. Res. 21, 1773–1782.Google Scholar

Lederhofer, R., Schnakenberg, J. & Stieve, H. (1991). Stochastic treatment of bump latency and temporal overlapping in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Z. Naturf. (In the Press.)Google Scholar

Leonard, R. J. & Lisman, J. E. (1981). Light modulates voltage-dependent potassium channels in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Science, Wash. 212, 1273–1275.Google Scholar

Levine, E., Crain, E., Robinson, P. & Lisman, J. (1987). Nontransducing rhodopsin. J. gen. Physiol. 90, 575–586.Google Scholar

Levy, S. & Coles, J. A. (1977). Intracellular pH of Limulus ventral photoreceptors measured with a double barrelled pH microelectrode. Experientia 33, 553–554.Google Scholar

Levy, S. & Fein, A. (1985). Relationship between light sensitivity and intracellular free Ca concentration in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. A quantitative study using Caselective microelectrodes. J. gen. Physiol. 85, 805–841.Google Scholar

Lillywhite, P. G. (1977). Single photon signals and transduction in an insect eye. J. comp. Physiol. 122, 189–200.Google Scholar

Lisman, J. (1985). The role of metarhodopsin in the generation of spontaneous quantum bumps in ultraviolet receptors of Limulus median eye. Evidence for reverse reactions into an active state. J. gen. Physiol. 85, 171–187.Google Scholar

Lisman, J. E. & Bering, H. (1977). Electrophysiological measurements of the number of rhodopsin molecules in single Limulus photoreceptor. J. gen. Physiol. 70, 621–633.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lisman, J. E. & Brown, J. E. (1971). Two light-induced processes in the photoreceptor cells of Limulus ventral eye. J. gen. Physiol. 58, 544–561.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lisman, J. E. & Brown, J. E. (1972). The effects of intracellular injection of calcium and sodium ions on the light response of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 59, 701–719.Google Scholar

Lisman, J. E. & Brown, J. E. (1975). Light-induced changes of sensitivity in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 66, 473–488.Google Scholar

Lisman, J. & Goldring, M. (1985). Early events in visual transduction in Limulus photoreceptors. Neurosci. Res. Suppl. 2S, 101–117.Google Scholar

Lisman, J. E. & Shelin, Y. (1976). Analysis of the rhodopsin cycle in Limulus ventral photoreceptors using the early receptor potential, J. gen. Physiol. 68, 487–501.Google Scholar

Lisman, J. E., Schulmann, S., Sheline, Y. & Brown, P. K. (1981). Properties of the pH-sensitive site that controls the λmax of Limulus metarhodopsin. J. gen. Physiol. 77, 191–203.Google Scholar

Lisman, J. E. & Strong, J. A. (1979). The initiation of excitation and light adaptation in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 73, 219–243.Google Scholar

Lisman, J. E., Fain, G. & O'Day, P. M. (1982). Voltage dependent conductances in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 79, 187–209.Google Scholar

Maaz, G. & Stieve, H. (1980). The correlation of the receptor potential with the light induced transient increase in intracellular calcium-concentration measured by absorption change of arsenazo III injected into Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor cell. Biophys. Struct. Mech. 6, 191–208.Google Scholar

Maaz, G., Nagy, K., Stieve, H. & Klomfass, J. (1981). The electrical light response of the Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor, a superposition of distinct components – observable by variation of the state of light adaptation, J. comp. Physiol. 141, 303–310.Google Scholar

Martinez, J. & Srebro, R. (1976). Calcium and the control of discrete wave latency in the ventral photoreceptor of Limulus. J. Physiol., Lond. 261, 535–562.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Meech, R. W. & Brown, H. M. (1976). Invertebrate photoreceptors: a survey of recent experiments on photoreceptors from Balanus and Limulus. Persp. exp. Biol. 1 333–331.Google Scholar

Millecchia, R. & Mauro, A. (1969 a). The ventral photoreceptor of Limulus. II. The basic photoresponse. J. gen. Physiol. 54, 310–330.Google Scholar

Millecchia, R. & Mauro, A. (1969 b). The ventral photoreceptor of Limulus. III. A voltage-clamp study. J. gen. Physiol. 54, 331–351.Google Scholar

Murray, G. C. (1966). Intracellular absorption difference spectrum of Limulus extraocular photolabile pigment. Science, Wash. 154, 1182–1183.Google Scholar

Nagy, K. (1987 a). Evidence for multiple open states of sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells. J. membrane Biol. 96, 251–262.Google Scholar

Nagy, K. (1987 b). Subconductance states of single sodium channels modified by chloramine-T and sea anemone toxin in neuroblastoma cells. Eur. Biophys. J. 5, 129–132.Google Scholar

Nagy, K. (1988). Mechanism of inactivation of single sodium channels after modification by chloramine-T, sea anemone toxin and scorpion toxin. J. membrane Biol. 106, 29–40.Google Scholar

Nagy, K. (1990 a). Kinetic properties of single ion channels activated by light in Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptors. Eur. Biophys. J. 19, 47–54.Google Scholar

Nagy, K. (1990 b). Kinetics of two types of light-activated single channels in Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptors.10th Int. Biophys. Congr.,Vancouver, abstr. p. 481.Google Scholar

Nagy, K. & Stieve, H. (1983). Changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration, in the course of dark adaptation measured by arsenazo III in Limulus photoreceptor. Biophys. Struct. Mech. 9, 207–223.CrossRef Google Scholar

Nagy, K. & Stieve, H. (1990 a). Light-activated single channel currents in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Eur. Biophys. J. 18, 221–224.Google Scholar

Nagy, K. & Stieve, H. (1990 b). Properties of two light-activated channel types in Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor. Int. Symp. Signal Transduction in Photoreceptor Cells, Jülich, abstr., p. 65.Google Scholar

Nagy, K., Stieve, H., Ivens, I. & Klomfass, J. (1982). Apparent delay between light-induced receptor current and receptor potential in the Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor. Neurosci. Lett. 32, 149–153.Google Scholar

Nasi, E. (1991). Two light-dependent conductances in Lima rhabdomeric photoreceptors. J. Gen. Physiol. 97, 55–72.Google Scholar

Neher, E. & Sakmann, B. (1976). Single channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated muscle fibres. Nature, Lond. 260, 799–802.Google Scholar

O'Day, P. M. & Gray-Keller, M. P. (1989). Evidence for electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchange in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 93, 473–492.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

O'Day, P. M. & Lisman, I. (1985). Octopamine enhances dark-adaptation in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. Neurosci. 5, 1490–1496.Google Scholar

O'Day, P. M., Lisman, J. E. & Goldring, M. (1982). Functional significance of voltage-dependent conductances in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 79, 211–232.Google Scholar

Patlak, J. B. (1988). Sodium channel subconductance levels measured with a new variance-mean analysis. J. gen. Physiol. 92, 413–430.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Payne, R. (1986). Phototransduction by microvillar photoreceptors of invertebrates: mediation of a visual cascade by inositol trisphosphate. Photochem. Photobiophys. 13, 373–397.Google Scholar

Payne, R., Corson, D. W. & Fein, A. (1986 a). Pressure injection of calcium both excites and adapts limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 88, 107–126.Google Scholar

Payne, R., Corson, D. W., Fein, A. & Barridge, M. J. (1986 b). Excitation and adaptation of Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptors by inositol 1, 4, 5 trisphosphate result from a rise in intracellular calcium. J. gen. Physiol. 88, 127–142.Google Scholar

Payne, R. & Fein, A. (1983). Localized adaptation within the rhabdomeral lobe of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 81, 767–769.Google Scholar

Payne, R. & Fein, A. (1986 a). Localization of the photocurrent of Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptors using a vibrating probe. Biophys. J. 50, 193–196.Google Scholar

Payne, R. & Fein, A. (1986 b). Initial response of Limulus ventral photoreceptors to bright flashes. Released calcium as a synergist to excitation. J. gen. Physiol. 87, 243–269.Google Scholar

Payne, R. & Fein, A. (1987). Inositol 1, 4, 5 trisphosphate releases calcium from specialized sites within Limulus photoreceptors. J. cell. Biol. 104, 933–937.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Payne, R., Flores, M. F. & Fein, A. (1990). Feedback inhibition by calcium limits the release of calcium by inositol trisphosphate in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Neuron 4, 547–555.Google Scholar

Payne, R., Walz, B., Levy, S. & Fein, A. (1988). The localization of calcium release by inositol trisphosphate in Limulus photoreceptors and its control by negative feedback. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B320, 359–379.Google Scholar

Pepose, J. S. & Lisman, J. E. (1978). Voltage-sensitive potassium channels in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 71, 101–120.Google Scholar

Rana, R. S. & Hokin, L. E. (1990). Role of phosphoinositides in transmembrane signalling. Physiol. Rev. 70, 115–164.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, H. & Goodman, D. P. B. (1977). Relationship between calcium and cyclic nucleotides in cell activation. Physiol. Rev. 57, 421–509.Google Scholar

Ritchie, J. M. (1973). Energetic aspects of nerve conduction: the relationship between heat production, electrical activity and metabolism. Progr. Biophys. molec. Biol. 26, 149–187.Google Scholar

Robinson, P. R., Wood, S. F., Szuts, E. Z., Fein, A., Hamm, H. E. & Lisman, J. E. (1990). Light-dependent GTP-binding proteins in squid photoreceptors. Biochem. J. 272, 79–85.Google Scholar

Rydqvist, B. & Brown, H. M. (1986). Intracellular free Mg2+ in Balanus photoreceptor measured with eriochrome blue. Ada. physiol. Scand. 127, 499–506.Google Scholar

Saibil, H. R. (1984). A light-stimulated increase of cyclic GMP in squid photoreceptors. FEBS Lett. 168, 213–216.Google Scholar

Schlösser, B. (1990). Einfluss von zyklischen Nukleotiden auf die Dunkeladaptation des ventralen Photorezeptors von Limulus polyphemus. Dissertation, RWTH Aachen.Google Scholar

Schnakenberg, J. (1989). Amplification and latency in photoreceptors: integrated or separated phenomena? Biol. Cybern. 60, 421–437.Google Scholar

Schnakenberg, J. & Keiper, W. (1986). Experimental results and physical ideas towards a model for quantum bumps in photoreceptors. In The molecular mechanism of Photoreception (ed. Stieve, H.), pp. 353–367. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokio: Springer.Google Scholar

Schnakenberg, J. & Wong, F. (1986). Potentials and limitations of noise analysis of light-induced conductance changes in photoreceptors. (ed. Stieve, H.), pp. 369–387. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokio: Springer.Google Scholar

Schreibmayer, W., Tritthart, H. A. & Schindler, H. (1989). The cardiac sodium channel shows a regular substrate pattern indicating synchronized activity of several ion pathways instead of one. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 986, 172–186.Google Scholar

Smith, T. G., Stell, W. K., Brown, J. E., Freeman, J. A. & Murray, G. C. (1968). A role for a sodium pump in photoreception in Limulus. Science, Wash, 162, 456–458.Google Scholar

Srebro, R. & Behbehani, M. (1972 a). Light adaptation of discrete waves in the Limulus photoreceptor. J. gen. Physiol. 60, 86–101.Google Scholar

Srebro, R. & Behbehani, M. (1972 b). The thermal origin of spontaneous activity in the Limulus photoreceptor. J. Physiol., Lond. 224, 349–361.Google Scholar

Stern, J., Chinn, K., Bacigalupo, J. & Lisman, J. E. (1982). Distinct lobes of Limulus ventral photoreceptors. I. Functional and anatomical properties of lobes revealed by removal of glial cells. J. gen. Physiol. 80, 825–837.Google Scholar

Stern, J., Chinn, K., Robinson, P. & Lisman, J. (1985). The effect of nucleotides on the rate of spontaneous quantum bumps in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. J. gen. Physiol. 85, 157–169.Google Scholar

Stieve, H. (1986 a). Introduction. In The Molecular Mechanism of Photoreception, Dahlem Konferenzen (ed. Stieve, H.), pp. 1–10. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Stieve, H. (1986 b). Bumps, the elementary excitatory responses of invertebrates. In The Molecular Mechanism of Photoreception, Dahlem Konferenzen (ed. Stieve, H.), pp. 199–230. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Stieve, H. & Andre, E. (1984). Octopamine modulates the sensitivity of Limulus ventral photoreceptor. Z. Naturf. 39c, 981–985.Google Scholar

Stieve, H. & Bruns, M. (1980). Dependence of bump rate and bump size in Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptors on light adaptation and calcium concentration. Biophys. Struct. Mech. 6, 271–285.Google Scholar

Stieve, H. & Bruns, M. (1983). Bump latency distribution and bump adaptation of Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor in varied extracellular calcium concentration. Biophys. Struct. Mech. 9, 323–339.CrossRef Google Scholar

Stieve, H. & Klomfass, J. (1983). Distribution and bump latency and bump shape parameters in dependence on adaptation and external Ca2+ concentration in Limulus photoreceptor. Abstr. Jahrestagung, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Biophysik, Neuherberg.Google Scholar

Stieve, H., Pflaum, M., Klomfass, J. & Gaube, H. (1985). Calcium/sodium competition in the gating of light-activated membrane conductance studied by voltage clamp technique in Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptor. Z. Naturforsch. 40c, 278–291.Google Scholar

Stieve, H., Reuss, H., Hennig, H. T. & Klomfass, J. (1990). Single photon evoked events of the ventral nerve photoreceptor cell of Limulus. Facilitation, adaptation and dependence on lowered external calcium. Z. Naturf. (submitted).Google Scholar

Stieve, H. & Schlösser, B. (1989). The light energy dependence of the Limulus photoreceptor current in two defined states of adaptation. Z. Naturf. 44c, 999–1014.Google Scholar

Stieve, H., Schnakenberg, J., Huhn, A. & Reuss, H. (1986). An automatic gain control in the Limulus photoreceptor. In Progress in Zoology. Membrane Control of Cellular activity, vol 33. (ed. Lüttgau, H. C.), pp. 367–376. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar

Streb, H., Irvine, R. F., Berridge, M. J. & Schulz, I. (1983). Release of Ca2+ from a non-mitochondrial store in pancreatic acinar cells by inositol 1, 4, 5 trisphosphate. Nature, Lond. 306, 67–69.Google Scholar

Strong, J. & Lisman, J. (1978). Initiation of light-adaptation in barnacle photoreceptors. Science, Wash. 200, 1485–1487.Google Scholar

Tillotson, D. (1979). Inactivation of Ca conductance dependent on entry of Ca ions in molluscan neurons. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 1497–1500.Google Scholar

Tsuda, M. (1987). Photoreception and phototransduction in invertebrate photoreceptors. Photochem. Photobiol. 45, 915–931.Google Scholar

Tsuda, M. & Tsuda, T. (1990). Two distinct light regulated G-proteins in octopus photoreceptors. Biochim. biophys. Acta 1052, 204–210.Google Scholar

Vandenberg, C. A. & Montal, M. (1984 a). Light regulated biochemical events in invertebrate photoreceptors. 1. Light-activated guanosine-triphosphate, guanine nucleotide binding and cholera toxin catalysed labelling of squid photoreceptor membranes. Biochemistry 23, 2339–2347.Google Scholar

Vandenberg, C. A. & Montal, M. (1984 b). Light regulated biochemical events in invertebrate photoreceptors. 2. Light-regulated phosphorylation of rhodopsin and phosphoinositides in squid photoreceptor membranes. Biochemistry 23, 2347–2352.Google Scholar

Vuong, T. M., Chabre, M. & Streyer, L. (1984). Millisecond activation of transducin in the cyclic nucleotide cascade of vision. Nature, Lond. 311, 659–661.Google Scholar

Wagner, R., Ryba, N. & Uhl, R. (1989). Calcium regulates the rate of rhodopsin disactivation and the primary amplification step in visual transduction. FEBS Lett. 242, 249–254.Google Scholar

Walz, B. & Baumann, O. (1989). Calcium-sequestering cell organelles: in situ localization, morphological and functional characterization. Progr. Histochem. Cytochem. 20, 1–47.Google Scholar

Walz, B. & Fein, A. (1983). Evidence for calcium-sequestering smooth ER in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Inv. Ophthalm. Vis. Sci. Suppl. 24, 281.Google Scholar

Wong, F. (1978). Nature of light-induced conductance changes in ventral photoreceptors of Limulus. Nature, Lond. 276, 76–79.Google Scholar

Wong, F., Knight, B. W. & Dodge, F. A. (1980). Dispersion of latencies in photoreceptors of Limulus and the adapting-bump model. J. gen. Physiol. 76, 517–537.Google Scholar

Wong, F., Knight, B. W. & Doge, F. A. (1982). Adapting bump model for ventral photoreceptors of Limulus. J. gen. Physiol. 79, 1089–1113.Google Scholar

Yamamoto, D., Yeh, J. Z. & Narahashi, T. (1984). Voltage-dependent calcium block of normal and tetramethrin-modified single sodium channels. Biophys. J. 45, 337–344.Google Scholar

Yeandle, S. & Spiegler, J. B. (1973). Light-evoked and spontaneous discrete waves in the ventral nerve photoreceptor of Limulus. J. gen. Physiol. 61, 552–571.Google Scholar