Ceremonial Centres from the Cayapas (Esmeraldas, Ecuador) to Chillicothe (Ohio, USA) | Cambridge Archaeological Journal | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

Abstract

Although they are some of the most impressive archaeological monuments in North America, the geometric earthworks of Ohio Hopewell remain poorly understood. By incorporating multiple lines of ethnographic and archaeological evidence an interpretation of the meanings congealed in these ancient earthworks can be offered.

References

Barnes, R.H., 1984. Two Crows Denies It: a History of Controversy in Omaha Sociology. Lincoln (NB): University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Barrett, S.A., 1925. The Cayapa Indians of Ecuador. 2 vols. (Indian Notes and Monographs 40.) New York (NY): Museum of the American Indian-Heye Foundation.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bradley, R., 1993. Altering the Earth. (Monograph Series 8.) Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.Google Scholar

Braun, D.P. & Plog, S., 1982. Evolution of ‘tribal’ social networks: theory and prehistoric North American evidence. American Antiquity 47, 504–35.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bricker, V.R., 1983. Directional glyphs in Maya inscriptions and codices. American Antiquity 48, 346–53.Google Scholar

Brose, D.S. & Greber, N. (eds.), 1979. Hopewell Archaeology: the Chillicothe Conference. Kent (OH): The Kent State University Press.Google Scholar

Brown, J.A., 1979. Charnel houses and mortuary crypts: disposal of the dead in the Middle Woodland Period, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 211–19.Google Scholar

Brown, J.A., 1982. Mound City and the Vacant Ceremonial Center. Unpublished paper presented to the 47th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis, Minnesota.Google Scholar

Bushnell, D.I. Jr, 1919. Native Villages and Village Sites East of the Mississippi. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 69.)Google Scholar

Butler, B.M., 1979. Hopewellian contacts in southern middle Tennessee, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 150–56.Google Scholar

Byers, A.M., 1987. The Earthwork Enclosures of the Central Ohio Valley: a Temporal and Structural Analysis of Woodland Society and Culture. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Albany (UMI #8710917).Google Scholar

Callender, C., 1978. Great Lakes-Riverine sociopolitical organization, in Handbook of North American Indians vol. 15. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution, 610–21.Google Scholar

Callender, C., 1979. Hopewell archaeology and American ethnology, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 254–7.Google Scholar

Carsten, J. & Hugh-Jones, S. (eds.), 1995. About the House: Levi-Strauss and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Chamberlain, Von Del, 1982. When Stars Came Down to Earth. Los Angeles (CA): Ballena Press.Google Scholar

Church, F., 1990. Archaeology under the Bigtop: One more Middle Woodland Habitation Site in Ohio. Paper presented at the Annual Spring Meeting of the Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar

Clay, R.B., 1986. Adena ritual spaces, in Early Woodland Archeology, eds. Farnsworth, K.B. & Emerson, T.E.. Kampsville (IL): Center for American Archeology Press, 581–95.Google Scholar

Coggins, C., 1980. The shape of time: some political implications of a four-part figure. American Antiquity 45, 727–39.Google Scholar

Connolly, R., 1995. The Built Environment of Middle Wood-land Period Hilltop Enclosures: an Analysis of Development, Construction and Function. (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.) Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.Google Scholar

Dancey, W., 1992. Village origins in central Ohio: the results and implications of recent Middle and Late Woodland research, in Cultural Variability in Context, ed. Seeman, M.F.. Kent (OH): Kent State University Press, 24–9.Google Scholar

Dancey, W. (ed.), 1997. Ohio Hopewell Community Organization. Kent (OH): The Kent State University Press.Google Scholar

DeBoer, W.R., 1995. Returning to Pueblo Viejo: history and archaeology of the Chachi (Ecuador), in Archaeology in the Lowland American Tropics ed. Stahl, P.W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 243–63.CrossRef Google Scholar

DeBoer, W.R., 1996. Traces Behind the Esmeraldas Shore: Prehistory of the Santiago-Cayapas Region, Ecuador. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar

DeBoer, W.R. & Blitz, J.H., 1991. Ceremonial centers of the Chachi. Expedition 33, 53–62.Google Scholar

Dillehay, T.D., 1990. Mapuche ceremonial landscape, social recruitment and resource rights. World Archaeology 22(2), 223–41.Google Scholar

Dorsey, G.A., 1906. The Pawnee: Mythology. (Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 59.) Washington (DC): Carnegie Institution of Washington.Google Scholar

Farris, N., 1984. The Maya Under Colonial Rule. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Faulkner, C.H., 1977. The winter house: an early southeast tradition. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 2, 141–59.Google Scholar

Feest, C.F., 1978. Virginia Algonquians, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution, 253–70.Google Scholar

Flannery, K.V. & Marcus, J., 1993. Cognitive archaeology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3(2), 260–67.Google Scholar

Fletcher, A.C. & Flesche, F. La, 1911 [1972]. The Omaha Tribe. (27th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.) Washington (DC): Bureau of American Ethnology. (1972 edition - Lincoln (NE): University of Nebraska Press.)Google Scholar

Fletcher, R.V., Cameron, T.L., Lepper, B.T., Wymer, D.A. & Pickard, W., 1996. Serpent mound: a fort ancient icon? Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 21(1), 105–43.Google Scholar

Fox, R., 1967. Kinship and Marriage. Baltimore (MD): Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Freeman, J.E., 1969. The Millville site, a Middle Woodland village in Grant County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Archaeologist 50, 37–88.Google Scholar

Furst, P.T., 1972. Flesh of the Gods: the Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.Google Scholar

Galloway, P., 1995. Choctaw Genesis 1500–1700. Lincoln (NB): University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Giddens, A., 1979. Central Problems in Social Theory. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar

Giddens, A., 1984. The Constitution of Society. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar

Greber, N., 1979a. Variations in social structure of Ohio Hopewell peoples. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 4, 35–78.Google Scholar

Greber, N., 1979b. A comparative study of site morphology and burial patterns at Edwin Harness mound and Seip mounds 1 and 2, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 27–38.Google Scholar

Greber, N., 1983. Recent excavations at the Edwin Harness Mound. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology Special Paper 5.Google Scholar

Greber, N., 1991. A study of continuity and contrast between central Scioto Adena and Hopewell sites. West Virginia Archeologist 43, 1–26.Google Scholar

Greber, N., 1996. A commentary on the contexts and contents of large to small Ohio Hopewell deposits, in Pacheco, (ed.), 150–73.Google Scholar

Greber, N., 1997. Two geometric enclosures in the Paint Creek Valley: an estimate of possible changes in community patterns through time, in Dancey, (ed.), 207–29.Google Scholar

Greber, N. & Ruhl, K.C., 1989. The Hopewell Site. Boulder (CO): Westview Press.Google Scholar

Griffin, J.B., 1964. The Northeast Woodlands area, in Pre-historic Man in the New World, eds. Jennings, J.D. & Norbeck, E.. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press, 223–58.Google Scholar

Hall, R.L., 1977. An anthropocentric perspective for eastern United States prehistory. American Antiquity 42, 499–518.Google Scholar

Hall, R.L., 1979. In search of the ideology of the AdenaHopewell climax, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 258–65.Google Scholar

Hall, R.L., 1997. An Archaeology of the Soul: North American Indian Belief and Ritual. Urbana-Champaign & Chicago (IL): University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Hatch, J.W., Michels, J.W., Stevenson, C.M., Scheetz, B.E. & Geidel, R.A., 1990. Hopewell obsidian studies: behavioral implications of recent sourcing and dating research. American Antiquity 55(3), 461–79.Google Scholar

Hawkes, C.F., 1954. Archeological theory and method: some suggestions from the Old World. American Anthropologist 56, 155–68.Google Scholar

Hayden, B., 1995. Pathways to power: principles for creating socioeconomic inequalities, in Foundations of Social Inequality, eds. Price, T.D. & Feinman, G.M.. New York (NY): Plenum, 15–86.Google Scholar

Hewitt, J.N.B., 1939. Notes on the Creek Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 123.Google Scholar

Hively, R. & Horn, R., 1982. Geometry and astronomy in prehistoric Ohio. The Journal of the History of Astronomy Supplement 13(4), 1–20.Google Scholar

Hively, R. & Horn, R., 1984. Hopewellian geometry and astronomy at High Bank. Archaeoastronomy 7, S85–S100.Google Scholar

Hodder, I., 1984. Burials, houses, women and men in the European Neolithic, in Ideology, Power and Prehistory, eds. Miller, D. & Tilley, C.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 51–68.Google Scholar

Hodder, I., 1990. The Domestication of Europe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Howard, J., 1965. The Ponca tribe. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 195.Google Scholar

Howard, J., 1981. Shawnee! Athens (OH): Ohio University Press.Google Scholar

Hudson, C., 1976. The Southeastern Indians. Knoxville (TN): University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar

Hultkrantz, Å., 1983. The Study of American Indian Religions. Chico (CA): Scholars Press.Google Scholar

Kinietz, W.V., 1940. The Indians of the Western Great Lakes. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Knight, V.J. Jr, 1989. Symbolism of Mississippian mounds, in Wood, et al. (eds.), 279–91.Google Scholar

Lafferty, R.H., III, 1994. Prehistoric exchange in the Lower Mississippi Valley, in Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, eds. Baugh, T.G. & Ericson, J.E.. New York (NY): Plenum Press, 177–213.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lane, R. & Lane, B., 1959. On the development of Dakota-Iroquois and Crow-Omaha kinship terminologies. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 15(3), 254–65.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lawrence, D.L. & Low, S.M., 1990. The built environment and spatial form. Annual Review of Anthropology 19, 453–506.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lepper, B.T., 1995. Tracking Ohio's great Hopewell road. Archaeology 11–12, 52–6.Google Scholar

Lepper, B.T., 1996. The Newark earthworks and the geometric enclosures of the Scioto valley: connections and conjectures, in Pacheco, (ed.), 224–41.Google Scholar

Levi-Strauss, C., 1967. Structural Anthropology. Garden City (NY): Doubleday.Google Scholar

Lipp, F.J., 1991. The Mixe of Oaxaca: Religion, Ritual, and Healing. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

McAnany, P., 1992. Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Mallory, J.P., 1989. In Search of the Indo-Europeans. New York (NY): Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar

Marshall, J.A., 1996. Toward a definition of the Ohio Hopewell core and periphery utilizing the geometric earthworks, in Pacheco, (ed.), 210–23.Google Scholar

Mauss, M., 1909–1912. Review of The Omaha Tribe. L'Annee sociologique 12, 104–11.Google Scholar

Mills, W.C., 1909. Explorations of the Seip mound. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 18, 268–321.Google Scholar

Mills, W.C., 1916. Exploration of the Tremper mound in Scioto County, Ohio, in Holmes Anniversary Volume: Anthropological Essays Presented to William Henry Holmes by his Friends and Co-laborers. Washington (DC): privately published, 334–58.Google Scholar

Monaghan, J., 1996. The Mesoamerican community as a ‘great house’. Ethnology 35(3), 181–94.Google Scholar

Moore, J.H., 1987. The Cheyenne Nation. Lincoln (NB): University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Moorehead, W.K., 1892. Primitive Man in Ohio. New York (NY): G.P. Putnam's Sons.Google Scholar

Murdock, G.P., 1949. Social Structure. New York (NY): Macmillan.Google Scholar

Nabokov, P. & Easton, R., 1989. Native American Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ortiz, A., 1969. The Tewa World. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Pacheco, P.J., 1988–1989. Ohio Middle Woodland settlement variability in the upper Licking River drainage. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society 18(1–2), 87–117.Google Scholar

Pacheco, P.J. (ed.), 1996. A View from the Core: a Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology. Columbus (OH): Ohio Archaeological Council.Google Scholar

Penney, D.W., 1985. Continuities of imagery and symbolism in the art of the Woodlands, in Ancient Art of the American Woodland Indians, by Brose, D.S., Brown, J.A. & Penney, D.W.. New York (NY): Henry N. Abrams, Inc., 147–98.Google Scholar

Pennick, N., 1979. The Ancient Science of Geomancy: Living in Harmony with the Earth. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar

Pickard, W.H. & Pahdopony, L.A.G., 1995. Paradise regained and lost again: the Anderson earthwork, Ross County, Ohio (33RO551). Hopewell Archaeology: the Newsletter of Hopewell Archaeology in the Ohio River Valley 1(2), 3–6.Google Scholar

Prufer, O.H., 1964. The Hopewell complex of Ohio, in Hopewellian Studies, eds. Caldwell, J.R. & Hall, R.L.. (Scientific Papers XII.) Springfield (IL): Illinois State Museum, 35–84.Google Scholar

Prufer, O.H., 1968. Ohio Hopewell Ceramics. (Anthropological Papers 33.) Ann Arbor (MI): Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.Google Scholar

Radin, P., 1916. The Winnebago Tribe. (37th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.) Washington (DC): Bureau of American Ethnology.Google Scholar

Richards, C., 1996. Monuments as landscape: creating the centre of the world in Neolithic Orkney. World Archaeology 28, 190–208.Google Scholar

Riordan, R.V., 1995. A construction sequence for a middle woodland hilltop enclosure. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20(1), 62–104.Google Scholar

Romain, W.F., 1994. Hopewell geometric enclosures: symbols of an ancient world view. Ohio Archaeologist 44(2), 37–43.Google Scholar

Romain, W.F., 1996. Hopewellian geometry: forms at the interface of time and eternity, in Pacheco, (ed.), 194–209.Google Scholar

Rountree, H., 1989. The Powhatan Indians of Virginia. Norman (OK): University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

Salwen, B., 1978. Indians of southern New England and Long Island: early period, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution, 160–76.Google Scholar

Seeman, M.F., 1979a. Feasting with the dead: Ohio Hopewell charnel house ritual as a context for redistribution, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 39–46.Google Scholar

Seeman, M.F., 1979b. The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: the Evidence for Interregional Trade and Structural Complexity. (Prehistory Research Series 5(2).) Indianapolis (IN): Indiana Historical Society.Google Scholar

Smith, B.D., 1992. Rivers of Change. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar

Smith, B.D., 1995. The analysis of single-household Mississippian settlements, in Mississippian Communities and Households, eds. Rogers, J.D. & Smith, B.D.. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama Press, 224–50.Google Scholar

Snow, D.R., 1978. Eastern Abenaki, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution, 137–47.Google Scholar

Speck, F.G., 1909. Ethnology of the Yuchi Indians. (University of Pennsylvania Anthropological Publications of the University Museum 1.) Philadelphia (PA): The University Museum.Google Scholar

Squier, E.G. & Davis, E.H., 1848. Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 1.) Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar

Sullivan, L.E., 1989. lanchu's Drum. New York (NY): Free Press.Google Scholar

Sullivan, L.P., 1989. Household, community, and society: an analysis of Mouse Creek settlements, in House-holds and Communities, eds. MacEachern, S., Archer, D. & Garvin, R.. (Proceedings of the 21st Annual Chacmool Conference, University of Calgary.) Calgary: University of Calgary, 317–27.Google Scholar

Sutton, D.G., 1990. Organization and ontology: the origins of the northern Maori chiefdom, New Zealand. Man 25(4), 667–92.Google Scholar

Swanton, J.R., 1928. The interpretation of aboriginal mounds by means of Creek Indian customs. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1927, 495–506.Google Scholar

Swanton, J.R., 1931. Modern Square Grounds of the Creek Indians. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 85(8).) Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar

Thomas, N. & Humphrey, C. (eds.), 1994. Shamanism, History and the State. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

von Gernet, A.D., 1992a. Hallucinogens and the origins of the Iroquoian pipe/tobacco/smoking complex, in Proceedings of the 1989 Smoking Pipe Conference, eds. Hayes, C.F., Bodner, C.C. & Sempowski, M.L.. (Research Records 22.) Rochester (NY): Rochester Museum and Science Center, 171–85.Google Scholar

von Gernet, A.D., 1992b. New directions in the construction of prehistoric Amerindian belief systems, in Ancient Images, Ancient Thought: the Archaeology of Ideology, eds. Goldsmith, A.S., Garvie, S., Selin, D. & Smith, J.. Calgary: University of Calgary Archaeological Association, 133–9.Google Scholar

von Gernet, A.D., 1995. Nicotian dreams: the prehistory and early history of tobacco in eastern North America, in Consuming Habits, eds. Goodman, J., Lovejoy, P.E. & Sherratt, A.. London: Routledge, 67–87.Google Scholar

von Gernet, A.D. & Timmins, P., 1987. Pipes and parakeets: constructing meaning in an early Iroquoian context, in Archaeology as Long-term History, ed. I Hodder, . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 31–42.Google Scholar

Waselkov, G.A., 1989. Indian maps of the colonial south-east, in Wood, et al. (eds.), 292–343.Google Scholar

Waterman, D., 1997. Excavations at Navan Fort, 1961–71. Belfast: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Watson, P.J. & Kennedy, M., 1991. The development of horticulture in the eastern woodlands of North America: women's role, in Engendering Archaeology, eds. Gero, J.M. & Conkey, M.W.. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 255–75.Google Scholar

Webb, W.S. & Snow, C.E., 1945. The Adena People. (Publications of the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology 6.) Lexington (KY): University of Kentucky.Google Scholar

White, L.A., 1939. A problem in kinship terminology. American Anthropologist 41, 566–73.Google Scholar

Willoughby, C.C., 1922. The Turner Group of Earthworks, Hamilton County, Ohio. (Papers of the Peabody Museum 8(3).) Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum, Harvard University.Google Scholar

Wilson, P.J., 1988. The Domestication of the Human Species. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Witthoft, J., 1967. The American Indian as Hunter. Harrisburg (PA): Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.Google Scholar

Wood, P., Waselkov, G. & Hatley, M.T. (eds.), 1989. Powhatan's Mantle. Lincoln (NB): University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Wylie, A., 1985. The reaction against analogy. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 8, 63–111.Google Scholar

Wymer, D.A., 1993. Cultural change and subsistence: the Middle and Late Woodland transition in the Mid-Ohio Valley, in Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, ed. Scarry, C.M.. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida Press, 138–56.Google Scholar