A mutualistic approach to morality: The evolution of fairness by partner choice | Behavioral and Brain Sciences | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

References

Adam, T. C. (2010) Competition encourages cooperation: Client fish receive higher-quality service when cleaner fish compete. Animal Behaviour 79(6):1183–89.Google Scholar

Aguiar, F., Branas-Garza, P. & Miller, L. M. (2008) Moral distance in dictator games. Judgment and Decision Making 3(4):344–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aktipis, C. (2004) Know when to walk away: Contingent movement and the evolution of cooperation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 231(2):249–60.Google Scholar

Alesina, A. & Glaeser, E. (2004) Fighting poverty in the US and Europe: A world of difference. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Almås, I., Cappelen, A. W., Sorensen, E. U. & Tungodden, B. (2010) Fairness and the development of inequality acceptance. Science 328(5982):1176–78.Google Scholar

Alvard, M. (2004) Kinship, lineage identity, and an evolutionary perspective on the structure of cooperative big game hunting groups in Indonesia. Human Nature 14(2):129–63.Google Scholar

Alvard, M. & Nolin, D. (2002) Rousseau's whale hunt? Coordination among big game hunters. Current Anthropology 43(4):533–59.Google Scholar

Ambady, N. & Rosenthal, R. (1992) Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 111(2):256–74.Google Scholar

André, J. B. & Baumard, N. (2011a) Social opportunities and the evolution of fairness. Journal of Theoretical Biology 289:128–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Andreoni, J. (1995) Cooperation in public-goods experiments: Kindness or confusion? American Economic Review 85(4):891–904.Google Scholar

Aspelin, P. (1979) Food distribution and social bonding among the Mamainde of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Anthropological Research 35:309–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aumann, R. J. (1981) Survey of repeated games. In: Gesellschaft, Recht, Wirtschaft, Wissenschaftsverlag, vol. 4: Essays in game theory and mathematical economics in honor of Oskar Morgenstern, ed. Bohm, V., pp. 11–42. Bibliographisches Institut.Google Scholar

Aumann, R. J. & Shapley, L. S. (1992) Long-term competition: A game-theoretic analysis. UCLA Economics Working Paper No. 676, Department of Economics, University of California.Google Scholar

Axelrod, R. (1984) The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books.Google Scholar

Bahry, D. & Wilson, R. (2006) Confusion or fairness in the field? Rejections in the ultimatum game under the strategy method. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 60(1):37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bailey, R. C. (1991) The behavioral ecology of Efe Pygmy men in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balicki, A. (1970) The Netsilik Eskimo. Natural History Press.Google Scholar

Barclay, P. (2004) Trustworthiness and competitive altruism can also solve the “Tragedy of the Commons.” Evolution and Human Behavior 25(4):209–20.Google Scholar

Barclay, P. (2006) Reputational benefits for altruistic punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior 27(5):325–44.Google Scholar

Barclay, P. & Willer, R. (2007) Partner choice creates competitive altruism in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 274(1610):749–53.Google ScholarPubMed

Bardsley, N. (2008). Dictator game giving: Altruism or artefact? Experimental Economics 11:122–33.Google Scholar

Barkow, J. (1992) Beneath new culture is old psychology: Gossip and social stratification. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. Barkow, J., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., pp. 159–72. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Barnard, A. & Woodburn, J. (1988) Property, power, and ideology in hunter–gatherer societies: An introduction. In: Hunters and gatherers, vol. 2: Property, power and ideology, ed. Ingold, T., Riches, D. & Woodburn, J., pp. 4–31. Berg.Google Scholar

Baron, J. & Miller, J. (2000) Limiting the scope of moral obligations to help: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 31(6):703–25.Google Scholar

Barr, A. (2004) Kinship, familiarity, and trust: An experimental investigation. In: Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies, ed. Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E. & Gintis, H., pp. 305–34. Oxford Scholarship Online Monographs. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Baumard, N. (2008) Une théorie naturaliste et mutualiste de la morale. Thèse de doctorat à l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Philosophie et sciences sociales, Paris.Google Scholar

Baumard, N. (2010a) Comment nous sommes devenus moraux : Une histoire naturel du bien et du mal. Odile Jacob.Google Scholar

Baumard, N. (2010b) Has punishment played a role in the evolution of cooperation? A critical review. Mind and Society 9(2):171–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baumard, N. (2011) Punishment is not a group adaptation: Humans punish to restore fairness rather than to support group cooperation. Mind and Society 10(1):1–26.Google Scholar

Baumard, N., Boyer, P. & Sperber, D. (2010) Evolution of fairness: Cultural variability [Letter]. Science 329(5990):388–89.Google Scholar

Baumard, N., Mascaro, O. & Chevallier, C. (2012) Preschoolers are able to take merit into account when distributing goods. Developmental Psychology 48(2):492–98. doi:10.1037/a0026598CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baumard, N. & Sperber, D. (2012) Evolutionary and Cognitive Anthropology, In: A companion to moral anthropology. ed. Fassin, D., pp. 611–28. Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Berg, J., Dickhaut, J. & McCabe, K. (1995) Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior 10(1):122–42.Google Scholar

Bernhard, H., Fischbacher, U. & Fehr, E. (2006) Parochial altruism in humans. Nature 442(7105):912–15.Google Scholar

Bernstein, L. (1992) Opting out of the legal system: Extralegal contractual relations in the diamond industry. Journal of Legal Studies 21(1):115–57.Google Scholar

Black, D. (2000) On the origin of morality. In: Evolutionary origins of morality: Cross-disciplinary perspectives, ed. Katz, L. D., pp. 107–18. Academic Press.Google Scholar

Blake, P. R. & Rand, D. G. (2010) Currency value moderates equity preference among young children. Evolution and Human Behaviour 31(3):210–18. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.06.012.Google Scholar

Boyd, R., Gintis, H., Bowles, S. & Richerson, P. (2003) The evolution of altruistic punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100(6):3531–35.Google Scholar

Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. (2005) Solving the puzzle of human cooperation. In: Evolution and culture, ed. Levinson, S., pp. 105–32. MIT Press.Google Scholar

Branas-Garza, P. (2006) Poverty in dictator games: Awakening solidarity. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 60(3):306–20.Google Scholar

Brosig, J. (2002) Identifying cooperative behavior: Some experimental results in a prisoner's dilemma game. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 47(3):275–90.Google Scholar

Broten, N. (2010) From sickness to death: The financial viability of the English friendly societies and coming of the Old Age Pensions Act, 1875–1908. Economic History Working Paper 135/10, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar

Brown, W. M. (2003) Are there nonverbal cues to commitment? An exploratory study using the zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm. Evolutionary Psychology 1:42–69.Google Scholar

Bshary, R. & Grutter, A. (2005) Punishment and partner switching cause cooperative behaviour in a cleaning mutualism. Biology Letters 1(4):396–99.Google Scholar

Bshary, R. & Grutter, A. (2006) Image scoring and cooperation in a cleaner fish mutualism. Nature 441(7096):975–78.Google Scholar

Bshary, R. & Noë, R. (2003) The ubiquitous influence of partner choice on the dynamics of cleaner fish–client reef fish interactions. In: Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation, ed. Hammmerstein, P., pp. 167–84. MIT Press.Google Scholar

Bull, J. & Rice, W. (1991) Distinguishing mechanisms for the evolution of co-operation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 149(1):63–74.Google Scholar

Burrows, P. & Loomes, G. (1994) The impact of fairness on bargaining behaviour. Empirical Economics 19(2):201–21.Google Scholar

Cadeliña, R. V. (1982) Batak interhousehold food sharing: A systemic analysis of food management of marginal agriculturalists in the Philippines. Doctoral dissertation. University of Hawaii.Google Scholar

Camerer, C. (2003) Behavioral game theory: Experiments in strategic interaction. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Cappelen, A. W., Hole, A. D., Sorensen, E. O. & Tungodden, B. (2007) The pluralism of fairness ideals: An experimental approach. American Economic Review 97(3):818–27.Google Scholar

Cappelen, A. W., Sørensen, E. O. & Tungodden, B. (2010) Responsibility for what? Fairness and individual responsibility. European Economic Review 54(3):429–41.Google Scholar

Cashdan, E. (1980) Egalitarianism among hunters and gatherers. American Anthropologist 82(1):116–20.Google Scholar

Charnov, E. L. (1976) Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9(2):129–36.Google Scholar

Cherry, T. L., Frykblom, P. & Shogren, J. F. (2002) Hardnose the dictator. American Economic Review 92(4):1218–21.Google Scholar

Chiang, Y. (2008) A path toward fairness: Preferential association and the evolution of strategies in the ultimatum game. Rationality and Society 20(2):173–201.Google Scholar

Chiang, Y. (2010) Self-interested partner selection can lead to the emergence of fairness. Evolution and Human Behavior 31(4):265–70.Google Scholar

Chibnik, M. (2005) Experimental economics in anthropology: A critical assessment. American Ethnologist 32(2):198–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cima, M., Tonnaer, F. & Hauser, M. (2010) Psychopaths know right from wrong but don't care. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5(1):59–67.Google Scholar

Cinyabuguma, M., Page, T. & Putterman, L. (2004) On perverse and second-order punishment in public goods experiments with decentralized sanctioning. Brown University, Department of Economics Working Paper 2004-1.Google Scholar

Clark, M. S. & Jordan, S. (2002) Adherence to communal norms: What it means, when it occurs, and some thoughts on how it develops. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 95:3–25.Google Scholar

Clark, M. S. & Mills, J. (1979) Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(1):12–24. (Featured article).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clutton-Brock, T. (2002) Breeding together: Kin selection and mutualism in cooperative vertebrates. Science 296(5565):69–72.Google Scholar

Clutton-Brock, T. (2009) Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies. Nature 462(7269):51–57.Google Scholar

Clutton-Brock, T. & Parker, G. (1995) Punishment in animal societies. Nature 373(6511):209–16.Google Scholar

Coricelli, G., Fehr, D. & Fellner, G. (2004) Partner selection in public goods experiments. Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(3):356–78.Google Scholar

Cronk, L. (2007) The influence of cultural framing on play in the trust game: A Massai example. Evolution and Human Behavior 28(5):352–58.Google Scholar

Cronk, L. & Wasielewski, H. (2008) An unfamiliar social norm rapidly produces framing effects in an economic game. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 6(4):283–308.Google Scholar

Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988) Homicide. Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Dawes, C. T., Fowler, J. H., Johnson, T., McElreath, R. & Smirnov, O. (2007) Egalitarian motives in humans. Nature 446(7137):794–96.Google Scholar

DeScioli, P. & Kurzban, R. (2009) The alliance hypothesis for human friendship. PLoS ONE 4(6):e5802. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dugatkin, L. (1995) Partner choice, game theory and social behavior. Journal of Quantitative Anthropology 5(1):3–14.Google Scholar

Dunbar, R. I. M. (1993) Co-evolution of neocortex size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(4):681–735.Google Scholar

Eckel, C. C. & Grossman, P. J. (1996) Altruism in anonymous dictator games. Games and Economic Behavior 16:181–91.Google Scholar

Ehrhart, K.-M. & Keser, C. (1999) Mobility and cooperation: On the run. Working Paper 99s–24. CIRANO, University of Montreal.Google Scholar

Elster, J. (2007) Explaining social behavior: More nuts and bolts for the social sciences. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Emery, G. & Emery, J. (1999) A young man's benefit: The independent order of odd fellows and sickness insurance in the United States and Canada, 1860–1929. McGill-Queens University Press.. Developmental Science 14(5):1012–20.. American Economic Review 83(3):525–48.Google Scholar

Guala, F. (2012) Reciprocity: Weak or strong? What punishment experiments do (and do not) demonstrate. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35(2).Google Scholar

Guala, F. & Mittone, L. (2010) Paradigmatic experiments: The Dictator Game. Journal of Socio-Economics 39(5):578–84.Google Scholar

Gurven, M. (2004) To give and to give not: The behavioral ecology of human food transfers. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27(4):543–83.Google Scholar

Gurven, M., Hill, K., Hurtado, A. & Lyles, R. 2000. Food transfers among Hiwi foragers of Venezuela: Tests of reciprocity. Human Ecology 28:171–214.Google Scholar

Gurven, M. & Winking, J. (2008) Collective action in action: Prosocial behavior in and out of the laboratory. American Anthropologist 110(2):179–90.Google Scholar

Hagen, E. H. & Hammerstein, P. (2006) Game theory and human evolution: A critique of some recent interpretations of experimental games. Theoretical Population Biology 69(3):339–48.Google Scholar

Haidt, J. (2007) The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science 316(5827):998–1002.Google Scholar

Haidt, J. & Baron, J. (1996) Social roles and the moral judgement of acts and omissions. European Journal of Social Psychology 26:201–18.Google Scholar

Haidt, J., Koller, S. & Dias, M. (1993) Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65:613–28.Google Scholar

Haley, K. J. & Fessler, D. M. T. (2005) Nobody's watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution of Human Behavior 26(3):245–56.. Journal of Legal Studies 14(2):259–97.Google Scholar

Howell, P. (1954) A manual of Nuer law: Being an account of customary law, its evolution and development in the courts established by the Sudan government. Oxford University Press, for the International African Institute.Google Scholar

Jakiela, P. (2007) How fair shares compare: Experimental evidence from two cultures. Job Market Paper, University of California–Berkeley.Google Scholar

Jakiela, P. (2009) Equity vs. efficiency vs. self-interest: On the use of dictator games to measure distributional preferences. Working Paper, Washington University, Saint Louis.Google Scholar

Johnson, T., Dawes, C., Fowler, J., McElreath, R. & Smirnov, O. (2009) The role of egalitarian motives in altruistic punishment. Economics Letters 102(3):192–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kant, I. (1785) Grounding for the metaphysics of morals; with, On a supposed right to lie because of philanthropic concerns. Hackett.Google Scholar

Kaplan, H. & Gurven, M. (2005) The natural history of human food sharing and cooperation: A review and a new multi-individual approach to the negotiation of norms. In: Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life, ed. Gintis, H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R. & Fehr, E., pp. 75–113. MIT Press.Google Scholar

Kaplan, H. & Hill, K. (1985) Hunting ability and reproductive success among male Ache foragers: Preliminary results. Current Anthropology 26(1):131–33.Google Scholar

Konow, J. (2000) Fair shares: Accountability and cognitive dissonance in allocation decisions. American Economic Review 90(4):1072–91.Google Scholar

Konow, J. (2001) Fair and square: The four sides of distributive justice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 46(2):137–64.Google Scholar

Konow, J. (2003) Which is the fairest one of all? A positive analysis of justice theories. Journal of Economic Literature 41(4):1188–239.Google Scholar

Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. (1993) An introduction to behavioural ecology, 4th edition. Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Krupp, D. B., Barclay, P., Daly, M., Kiyonari, T., Dingle, G. & Wilson, M. (2005) Let's add some psychology (and maybe even some evolution) to the mix. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(6):828–29.Google Scholar

Kurzban, R. (2001) Are experimental economists behaviorists and is behaviorism for the birds? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24(3):420–21.Google Scholar

Kurzban, R. & DeScioli, P. (2008) Reciprocity in groups: Information-seeking in a public goods game. European Journal of Social Psychology 38(1):139–58.Google Scholar

Landa, J. T. (1981) A theory of the ethnically homogeneous middleman group: An institutional alternative to contract law. Journal of Legal Studies 10(2):349–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ledyard, J. O. (1994/1995) Public goods: A survey of experimental research. Public Economics Paper, 1994. Also in: Handbook of Experimental Economics, ed. Kagel, J. & Roth, A. E., pp. 111–94. Princeton University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Leibbrandt, A. & López-Pérez, R. (2008) The envious punisher: Understanding third and second party punishment with simple games. Empirical Research in Economics Working Paper 373, University of Zurich.Google Scholar

Lesorogol, C. (2007) Bringing norms in. Current Anthropology 48(6):920–26.Google Scholar

Lesorogol, C. (forthcoming) Gifts or entitlements: The influence of property rights and institutions for third-party sanctioning on behavior in dictator, ultimatum and punishment games. In: Experimenting with social norms: Fairness and punishment in cross-cultural perspective, ed. Henrich, J. & Ensminger, J.. Russell Sage.Google Scholar

Levine, R. V., Norenzayan, A. & Philbrick, K. (2001) Cross-cultural differences in helping strangers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 32(5):543–60.Google Scholar

Liberman, V., Samuels, S. M. & Ross, L. (2004) The name of the game: Predictive power of reputations versus situational labels in determining prisoner's dilemma game moves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30(9):1175–85.Google Scholar

Lieberman, D., Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2007) The architecture of human kin detection. Nature 445(7129):727–31.Google Scholar

LoBue, V., Nishida, T., Chiong, C., DeLoache, J. S. & Haidt, J. (2011) When getting something good is bad: Even three-year-olds react to inequality. Social Development 20(1):154–70.Google Scholar

Locke, J. (1689) Two treatises of government. Awnsham Churchill.Google Scholar

Luce, R. D. & Raiffa, L. (1957) Games and decisions. Wiley.Google Scholar

Malinowski, B. (1926) Crime and custom in savage society. Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar

Marlowe, F. (2009) Hadza cooperation: Second-party punishment, yes; third-party punishment, no. Human Nature 20(4):417–30.Google Scholar

Marshall, G., Swift, A., Routh, D. & Burgoyne, C. (1999) What is and what ought to be: Popular beliefs about distributive justice in thirteen countries. European Sociological Review 15(4):349–67.Google Scholar

McAdams, R. (1997) The origin, development, and regulation of norms. Michigan Law Review 96(2):338–433.Google Scholar

McCrink, K., Bloom, P. & Santos, L. R. (2010) Children's and adults' judgments of equitable resource distributions. Developmental Science 13(1):37–45.Google Scholar

McCullough, M. E., Kurzban, R., Tabak, B. A., Shaver, I. P. R. & Mikulincer, M. (2010) Evolved mechanisms for revenge and forgiveness. In: Understanding and reducing aggression, violence, and their consequences, ed. Shaver, P. R. & Mikulincer, M., pp. 221–39. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Mealey, L. (1995) The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18(3):523–99.Google Scholar

Miller, W. (1990) Bloodtaking and peacemaking: Feud, law, and society in Saga Iceland. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Nesse, R. (2007) Runaway social selection for displays of partner value and altruism. Biological Theory 2(2):143–55.Google Scholar

Noë, R., van Schaik, C. & Van Hooff, J. (1991) The market effect: An explanation for pay-off asymmetries among collaborating animals. Ethology 87(1–2):97–118.Google Scholar

Norton, M. I. & Ariely, D. (2011) Building a better America – one wealth quintile at a time. Perspectives on Psychological Science 6(1):9–12.Google Scholar

Ohtsubo, Y. & Watanabe, E. (2008) Do sincere apologies need to be costly? Test of a costly signaling model of apology. Evolution and Human Behavior 30(2):114–23.Google Scholar

Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. (Political economy of institutions and decisions). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Oxoby, R. J. & Spraggon, J. (2008) Mine and yours: Property rights in dictator games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 65(3–4):703–13.Google Scholar

Page, T., Putterman, L. & Unel, B. (2005) Voluntary association in public goods experiments: Reciprocity, mimicry and efficiency. The Economic Journal 115(506):1032–53.Google Scholar

Petersen, M. B., Sell, A., Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2010) Evolutionary psychology and criminal justice: A recalibrational theory of punishment and reconciliation. In: Human morality and sociality: Evolutionary and comparative perspectives, ed. Høgh-Olesen, H.. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Pillutla, M. M. & Chen, X. P. (1999) Social norms and cooperation in social dilemmas: The effects of context and feedback. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 78(2):81–103.Google Scholar

Polinsky, A. M. & Shavell, S. (2000) The economic theory of public enforcement of law. Journal of Economic Literature 38(1):45–76.Google Scholar

Posner, R. A. (1983) The economics of justice. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Pradel, J., Euler, H. A. & Fetchenhauer, D. (2008) Spotting altruistic dictator game players and mingling with them: The elective assortation of classmates. Evolution and Human Behavior 30(2):103–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Price, J. A. (1975) Sharing: The integration of intimate economies. Anthropologica 17:3–27.Google Scholar

Rachlin, H. & Jones, B. A. (2008) Social discounting and delay discounting. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 21(1):29–43.Google Scholar

Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2006) The evolution of cooperation and altruism: The basic conditions are simple and well known. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19(5):1413–14.Google Scholar

Rawls, J. (1971) A theory of justice. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Rigdon, M., Ishii, K., Watabe, M. & Kitayama, S. (2009) Minimal social cues in the Dictator Game. Journal of Economic Psychology 30:358–67.Google Scholar

Roberts, G. (1998) Competitive altruism: From reciprocity to the handicap principle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 265(1394):427–31.Google Scholar

Roberts, G. (2005) Cooperation through interdependence. Animal Behaviour 70(4):901–908.Google Scholar

Robinson, P. & Kurzban, R. (2006) Concordance and conflict in intuitions of justice. Minnesota Law Review 91:1829–907.Google Scholar

Rockenbach, B. & Milinski, M. (2011) To qualify as a social partner, humans hide severe punishment, although their observed cooperativeness is decisive. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108(45):18307–12. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108996108.Google Scholar

Roemer, J. (1985) Equality of talent. Economics and Philosophy 1(2):151–81.Google Scholar

Ruffle, B. J. (1998) More is better, but fair is fair: Tipping in dictator and ultimatum games. Games and Economic Behavior 23(2):247–65.Google Scholar

Sahlins, M. (1965) On the sociology of primitive exchange in the relevance of models for social anthropology. In: The relevance of models for social anthropology, ed. Banton, M., pp. 139–236. Praeger.Google Scholar

Saijo, T. & Nakamura, H. (1995) The “spite” dilemma in voluntary contribution mechanism experiments. Journal of Conflict Resolution 39(3):535–60.Google Scholar

Scanlon, T. M. (1998) What we owe to each other. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Schelling, T. C. (1960) The strategy of conflict. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Schmidt, M. & Sommerville, J. (2011) Fairness expectations and altruistic sharing in 15-month-old human infants. PLoS ONE 6(10):e23223. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023223e23223.Google Scholar

Sell, A., Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2009) Formidability and the logic of human anger. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106(35):15073–78.Google Scholar

Sheldon, K. M., Sheldon, M. S. & Osbaldiston, R. (2000) Prosocial values and group assortation. Human Nature 11(4):387–404.Google Scholar

Shweder, R. A., Mahapatra, M. & Miller, J. G. (1987) Culture and moral development. In: The emergence of moral concepts in young children, ed. Kagan, J. & Lamb, S., pp. 1–83. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Silberbauer, G. (1981) Hunter/gatherers of the Central Kalahari. In: Omnivorous primates: Gathering and hunting in human evolution, ed. Harding, R. S. O. & Teleki, G., pp. 455–98. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Smith, E. A. (2005) Making it real: Interpreting economic experiments. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(6):832–33.Google Scholar

Smith, V. L. (2005) Sociality and self interest. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(6):833–34.Google Scholar

Sober, E. & Wilson, D. (1998) Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Sosis, R. (2005) Methods do matter: Variation in experimental methodologies and results. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(6):834–35.Google Scholar

Sperber, D. & Baumard, N. (2012) Moral and reputation in an evolutionary perspective. Mind and Language 27(5):495–518.Google Scholar

Sylwester, K. & Roberts, G. (2010) Cooperators benefit through reputation-based partner choice in economic games. Biology Letters 6(5):659–62. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0209.Google Scholar

Tetlock, P. E., Kristel, O. V., Elson, S. B., Green, M. C. & Lerner, J. S. (2000) The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(5):853–70.Google Scholar

Tomasello, M., Melis, A., Tennie, C., Wyman, E., Herrmann, E. & Schneider, A. (submitted) Two key steps in the evolution of human cooperation: The mutualism hypothesis.Google Scholar

Tooby, J., Cosmides, L. & Price, M. E. (2006) Cognitive adaptations for _n_-person exchange: The evolutionary roots of organizational behavior. Managerial and Decision Economics 27:103–29.Google Scholar

Tooby, J., Cosmides, L., Sell, A., Lieberman, D. & Sznycer, D. (2008) Internal regulatory variables and the design of human motivation: A computational and evolutionary approach. In: Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation, ed. Elliot, A. J., pp. 251–71. Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Tracer, D. (2003) Selfishness and fairness in economic and evolutionary perspective: An experimental economic study in Papua New Guinea. Current Anthropology 44(3):432–38.Google Scholar

Trivers, R. (1971) Evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57.Google Scholar

Verplaetse, J., Vanneste, S. & Braeckman, J. (2007) You can judge a book by its cover: The sequel – A kernel of truth in predictive cheating detection. Evolution and Human Behavior 28(4):260–71.Google Scholar

von Fürer-Haimendorf, C. (1967) Morals and merit: A study of values and social controls in South Asian societies. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar

Warneken, F., Lohse, K., Melis, A. P. & Tomasello, M. (2011) Young children share the spoils after collaboration. Psychological Science 22(2):267–73.Google Scholar

West-Eberhard, M. (1979) Sexual selection, social competition, and evolution. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 123(4):222–34.Google Scholar

Wiessner, P. (1996) Leveling the hunter: Constraints on the status quest in foraging societies. In: Food and the status quest: An interdisciplinary perspective, ed. Wiessner, P. & Schiefenhövel, W., pp. 171–91. Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Wiessner, P. (2005) Norm enforcement among the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen: A case of strong reciprocity? Human Nature 16(2):115–45.Google Scholar

Wiessner, P. (2009) Experimental games and games of life among the Ju/'hoan Bushmen. Current Anthropology 50(1):133–38.Google Scholar

Willinger, M., Keser, C., Lohmann, C. & Usunier, J. (2003) A comparison of trust and reciprocity between France and Germany: Experimental investigation based on the investment game. Journal of Economic Psychology 24(4):447–66.Google Scholar

Woodburn, J. (1982) Egalitarian societies. Man 17(3):431–51.Google Scholar

Yamagishi, T. (1986) The provision of a sanctioning system as a public good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51(1):110–16.Google Scholar