Anesthesia can cause sustained hyperglycemia in C57/BL6J mice | Visual Neuroscience | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

Abstract

Effects of anesthesia on the blood glucose of C57/BL6J mice were evaluated under conditions commonly used for testing retinal sensitivity with electroretinographic (ERG) recordings. We evaluated the effects of four anesthetics: nembutal (50 mg/kg), pentothal (100 mg/kg), avertin (240 mg/kg), and ketamine/xylazine (100 mg/kg) using saline as control. We measured blood glucose (BG) levels from tail vein blood before and 15 and 60 min following intraperitoneal injections. Fifteen minutes postinjection, all four anesthetics and saline elevated BG with ketamine/xylazine and avertin having substantially greater effects than nembutal, pentothal, and saline. Only the effects of ketamine/xylazine and avertin persisted throughout the test period. Sixty minutes after injecting ketamine/xylazine BG remained elevated at 400 ± 42 mg/dl, a 167% increase over preinjection levels. Sixty minutes after injecting avertin BG was 288 ± 10 mg/dl, a 59% increase over preinjection levels. No sustained elevation in BG was detected 60 min following injection of nembutal, pentothal, or saline. Because BG can affect the amplitude of the ERG, caution should be exercised in the use of ketamine/xylazine or avertin. The choice of anesthesia may also be important in diabetes and metabolism research where changes in blood glucose could impact physiological processes.

References

Abdel el Motal, S.M. &Sharp, G.W.(1985).Inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release by xylazine.Endocrinology 116,2337–2340.Google Scholar

Barlow, R.B.,Khan, M., &Farell, B.(2003).Circadian and metabolic modulation of human visual sensitivity. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science,Abstracts 2708.Google Scholar

Brown, E.T.,Umino, Y.,Solessio, E.,Loi, T.,Quinn, R., &Barlow, R.(2004).Anesthesia affects mouse ERG and blood glucose level.Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science,Abstracts 742.Google Scholar

Feng, H.J.,Bianchi, M.T., &Macdonald, R.L.(2004).Pentobarbital differentially modulates alpha1beta3delta and alpha1beta3gamma2L GABAA receptor currents.Molecular Pharmacology 4,988–1003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hsu, W.H. &Hummel, S.K.(1981).Xylazine-induced hyperglycemia in cattle: A possible involvement of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors regulating insulin release.Endocrinology 109,825–829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kapousta-Bruneau, N.V.(1999).Effects of sodium pentobarbital on the components of the electroretinogram in the isolated rat retina.Vision Research 39,3498–3512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Macaluso, C.,Onoe, S., &Niemeyer, G.(1992).Changes in glucose level affect rod function in the isolated, perfused cat eye.Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33,2798–2808.Google Scholar

McRipley, M.A.,Ahmed, J.,Chen, E.P., &Linsenmeier, R,A.(1997).Effects of adaptation level and hypoglycemia on function of the cat retina during hypoxemia.Visual Neuroscience 14,339–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Muggaberg, J. &Brockman, R.P.(1982).Effect of adrenergic drugs on glucose and plasma glucagon and insulin responses to xylazine in sheep.Research in Veterinary Science 1,118–120.Google Scholar

Nusinowitz, S.,Ridder, W., &Heckenlively, J.R.(2001).Electrodiagnostic techniques for visual function testing in mice. InSystematic Evaluation of the Mouse Eye: Anatomy, Pathology, and Biomethods, ed.Smith, R.,John, S.W.M.,Nishna, P.M. &Sundberg, J.P., pp.320–340.London:Kluver Publishers.

Pampaioannou, V.E. &Fox, J.G.(1993).Efficacy of tribromoethanol anesthesia in mice.Laboratory Animal Science 43,189–192.Google Scholar

Pomplun, D.,Mohlig, M.,Spranger, J.,Pfeiffer, A.F., &Ristow, M.(2004).Elevation of blood glucose following anaesthetic treatment in C57BL/6 mice.Hormone and Metabolic Research 36,67–69.Google Scholar

Rogers, I.T.,Holder, D.J.,McPherson, H.E.,Acker, W.R.,Brown, E.G.,Washington, M.V.,Motzel, S.L., &Klein, H.J.(1999).Influence of blood collection sites on plasma glucose and insulin concentration in conscious C57BL/6 Mice.Contemporary Topics 38,25–28.Google Scholar

Sannita, W.G.,Balestra, V.,DiBon, G.,Gambaro, M.,Malfatto, L., &Rosadini, G.(1993).Spontaneous variations of flash-electroetinogram and retinal oscillatory potential in healthy volunteers are correlated to serum glucose.Clinical Vision Science 8,147–158.Google Scholar

Tabata, H.,Kitamura, T., &Nagamatsu, N.(1998).Comparison of effects of restraint, cage transportation, anesthesia and repeated bleed on plasma glucose levels between mice and rats.Laboratory Animals 32,143–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thompson, J.S.,Brown, S.A.,Khurdayan, V.,Zeynalzadedan, A.,Sullivan, P.G., &Scheff, S.W.(2002).Early effects of tribromoethanol, ketamine/xylazine, pentobarbitol, and isoflurane anesthesia on hepatic and lymphoid tissue in ICR mice.Comparative Medicine 52,63–67.Google Scholar

Zeller, W.,Meier, G.,Burki, K., &Panoussis, P.(1998).Adverse effects of tribromoethanol as used in the production of transgenic mice.Laboratory Animals 32,407–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar