Primary non-random X-inactivation caused by controlling elements in the mouse demonstrated at the cellular level | Genetics Research | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Previous studies have shown that different alleles of the mouse X chromosomal controlling element locus, Xce, cause non-random X-chromosome inactivation as judged by variegation in the coats of female mice heterozygous for X-linked coat colour/structure genes, or Cattanach's translocation (Is (X; 7) Ct), or the relative activity of biochemical variants of the X-linked enzyme PGK. This paper presents evidence using the Kanda differential staining method on 6½ d.p.c. and 13½ d.p.c. female mouse embryos heterozygous for the marker X chromosome Is (X; 7) Ct and carrying different Xce alleles, that the Xce locus affects the randomness of X chromosome inactivation. Furthermore the fact that a marked Xce effect is demonstrable in female embryos as early as 6½ d.p.c. (i.e. very soon after the initial time of X-inactivation) is strong evidence that the Xce locus exerts its effect by causing primary non-random X-inactivation rather than by cell selection after initial random X-inactivation.

References

Cattanach, B. M. & Isaacson, J. H. (1965). Genetic control over the inactivation of autosomal genes attached to the _X_-chromosome. Zeitscherift für Vererbungslehre 96, 313–323.Google Scholar

Cattanach, B. M. & Isaacson, J. H. (1967). Controlling elements in the mouse _X_-chromosome. Genetics 57, 331–346.Google Scholar

Cattanach, B. M., Pollard, C. E. & Perez, J. N. (1969). Controlling elements in the mouse _X_-chromosome. I. Interaction with _X_-linked genes. Genetical Research 14, 233–235.Google Scholar

Cattanach, B. M., Perez, J. N. & Pollard, C. E. (1970). Controlling elements in the mouse _X_-chromosome. II. Location in the linkage map. Genetical Research 15, 183–195.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cattanach, B. M. (1972). _X_-chromosome controlling element. (Xce). Mouse News Letter 47, 33.Google Scholar

Cattanach, B. M. & Williams, C. E. (1972). Evidence of non-random _X_-chromosome activity in the mouse. Genetical Research, Cambridge 19, 229–240.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cattanach, B. M. & Papworth, D. (1981). Controlling elements in the mouse. V. Linkage tests with _X_-linked genes. Genetical Research 38, 57–70.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Disteche, C. M., Eicher, E. M. & Latt, S. A. (1979). Late replication in an _X_-autosome translocation in the mouse: correlation with genetic inactivation and evidence for selective effects during embryogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 76, 5234–5238.Google Scholar

Drews, V., Blecher, S. R., Owen, D. A. & Ohno, S. (1974). Genetically directed preferential _X_-inactivation seen in mice. Cell 1, 3–8.Google Scholar

Eicher, E. M. (1970). _X_-autosome translocations in the mouse: total inactivation vs. partial inactivation of the _X_-chromosome. Advances in Genetics 15, 175–259.Google Scholar

Falconer, D. S. & Isaacson, J. H. (1972). Sex-linked variegation and modification by selection in brindled mice. Genetical Research 20, 291–316.CrossRef Google Scholar

Grahn, D., Lea, R. A. & Lesch, J. (1970). Linkage analysis of a presumed _X_-inactivation controlling element. Mouse News Letter 42, 16.Google Scholar

Johnston, P. G. & Cattanach, B. M. (1981). Controlling elements in the mouse. IV. Evidence of non-random _X_-inactivation. Genetical Research 37, 151–160.Google Scholar

Kanda, N. (1973). A new differential technique for staining the heteropycnotic _X_-chromosome in female mice. Experimental Cell Research 80, 463–467.Google Scholar

Lyon, M. F. (1961). Gene action in the _X_-chromosome of the mouse (mus musculus L.). Nature 190, 372–373.Google Scholar

Mayer, T. C. (1973). The migratory pathway of neural crest cells into the skin of mouse embryos. Developmental Biology 34, 39–46.Google Scholar

Miller, O. J., Miller, P. A., Kouri, R. E., Allderdice, P. W., Dev, V. G., Grewal, M. J. & Hutton, J. J. (1971). Identification of the mouse karyotype by quinacrine fluorescence and tentative assignment of seven linkage groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 68, 1530–1533.Google Scholar

Nyhan, W. L., Bakay, B., Connor, J. D., Marks, J. K. & Keele, D. K. (1970). Hemizygous expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes of heterozygotes for the Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 65, 214–218.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ohno, S., Geller, L. N. & Kan, J. (1974). The analysis of Lyon's hypothesis through preferential _X_-inactivation. Cell 1, 175–184.CrossRef Google Scholar

Rastan, S., Kaufman, M. H., Handyside, A. & Lyon, M. F. (1980). _X_-chromosome inactivation in the extraembryonic membranes of diploid parthenogenetic mouse embryos demonstrated by differential staining. Nature 288, 172–173.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rastan, S. (1981). Aspects of _X_-chromosome inactivation in mouse embryology. D. Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.Google Scholar

Rawles, M. E. (1974). Origin of pigment cells from the neural crest in the mouse embryo. Physiological Zoology 20, 248–266.Google Scholar

Russell, L. B. (1971). Attempts to demonstrate different inactivity states for normal mouse _X_-chromosomes. Genetics 68, 55–56.Google Scholar

Russell, L. B. & Cacheiro, N. L. A. (1978). The use of mouse _X_-autosome translocations in the study of _X_-inactivation pathways and non-randomness. In Genetic Mosaics and Chimeras in Mammals (ed. Russell, L. B.). New York and London: Plenum Press.Google Scholar

Snow, M. H. L. (1976). Embryo growth during the immediate post-implantation period. In Embryogenesis in mammals (Ciba Foundation Symposium), pp. 53–66. Amsterdam: Associated Scientific Publishers.Google Scholar

Takagi, N. & Sasaki, M. (1975). Preferential inactivation of the paternally derived _X_-chromosome in the extraembryonic membranes of the mouse. Nature 256, 640–642.Google Scholar

Wake, N., Takagi, X. & Sasaki, M. (1976). Non-random inactivation of the _X_-chromosome in the rat yolk sac. Nature 262, 580–581.Google Scholar

West, J. O., Frels, W. I., Chapman, V. M. & Papaioannou, V. E. (1977). Preferential expression of the maternally derived _X_-chromosome in the mouse yolk sac. Cell 12, 873–882.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed