The potential of using recombinant DNA species-specific probes for the identification of tropical Leishmania | Parasitology | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

Extract

Human leishmaniasis is a world-wide public health problem with more than 400000 new reported cases/year (Anon, 1984) in the tropics and subtropics. Were (1985) has estimated that Leishmaniases affect about 20 million people in the Third World. In hospitals where treatment is available, initially all positive cases are treated equally; it is the prognosis and follow-up that varies according to the causative organism. A wide variety of species or subspecies of Leishmania may be present in a small verrucose lesion developing after an infected sandfly bite or appear in lesions as the disease progresses. Depending on which Leishmania is present a clinial decision must be made whether to treat with drugs of varying toxicity or not.

References

Anon, . (1984). The Leishmaniases: Report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series 701, 1–140.Google Scholar

Anderson, S., Bankier, A. T., Barrell, B. G., De Bruijin, M. H. L., Coulson, A. R., Drouin, J., Eperon, I. C., Nierlich, D. P., Roe, B. A., Sanger, F., Shcreier, P. H., Smith, A. J. H., Staden, R. & Young, I. G. (1981). Sequence and organisation of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature, London 290, 457–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arnot, D. E. (1980). Sequence homologies in kinetoplast DNA. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar

Arnot, D. E. & Barker, D. C. (1981). Biochemical identification of cutaneous leishmania by analysis of kinetoplast DNA. IT. Sequence homologies in leishmania kDNA. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 3, 47–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Balmain, A. & Birnie, G. D. (1979). Nick translation of mammalian DNA. Biochimica et Biophysica Ada 561, 155–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barbosa, W., De Sousa, M. C. M., De Soitsa, J. M., Rassi, D. M., Gerais, B. B. & Oliveira, R. L. (1976). Note on classification of the Leishmania spp. responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the east central region of Brazil. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 70, 389–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barker, D. C. (1980). The ultrastructure of kinetoplast DNA with particular reference to the interpretation of darkfield electron microscopy images of isolated purified networks. Micron 11, 21–62.Google Scholar

Barker, D. C. (1985). Progress towards making non-radioactive species-specific DNA probes for the identification of tropical leishmania. In Proceedings, VIIth International Congress of Protozoology, Nairobi, Kenya 149, abstract 396.Google Scholar

Barker, D. C. & Arnot, D. E. (1980). Analysis of sequence homologies and ultrastructure in kinetoplast DNA from pathogenic Leishmanias and Trypanosomes using cloned DNA. In ‘Proceedings, Second International Congress of Cell Biology’. European Journal of Cell Biology 22, 124.Google Scholar

Barker, D. C. & Arnot, D. E. (1981). Biochemical identification of cutaneous leishmania by analysis of kinetoplast DNA. I. Ultrastructure and buoyant density analysis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 3, 33–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barker, D. C., Arnot, D. E. & Butcher, J. (1982). DNA characterization as a taxonomic tool for identification of kinetoplastic flagellate protozoans. In Proceedings of the Workshop of the Pan American Health Organisation. Biochemical Characterization of Leishmania, Washington D.C. 1980 (ed Chance, M. L. and Walton, B. C.), pp. 139–180. Geneva: UNDP/World Bank/WHO.Google Scholar

Barker, D. C., Arnot, D. E., Cordingley, J. S., Butcher, J., Perry, H. & Miles, M. A. (1980). Sequences homology in kinetoplast DNA from Trypanosoma cruzi. In Proceedings, Third European Multicolloquium of Parasitology, p. 25.Google Scholar

Barker, D. C. & Butcher, J. (1983). The use of DNA probes in the identification of leishmaniasis: discrimination between isolates of the Leishmania mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes. Trans-actions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77, 285–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barker, D. C., Butcher, J., Gibson, L. J., Kennedy, W. P. K., Williams, R. H., Cuba Cuba, C. A., Marsden, P. D., Lainson, R. & Shaw, J. J. (1985). Sequence homology of kinetoplast DNA in Leishmania studied by filter hybridization of endonuclease-digested fragments and in situ hybridization of individual organisms. Annales de Parasitologie (Paris) (in the Press).Google Scholar

Barker, D. C., Gibson, L. J., Williams, R. H., Lainson, R., Shaw, J.J., Ryan, L., Braga, R. R., Vexenat, A. & Cuba, C. A. (1985). ‘In situ’, microscopic, non-radioactive detection DNA homology in single LeAshmania parasites. Nature, London (in preparation).Google Scholar

Barrios, M., Riou, G. & Galibert, F. (1981). Complete sequence of minicircle kinetoplast DNA from Trypanosoma equiperdum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 78, 3323–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Battaglia, P. A., Ponzi, M. & Birago, C. (1985). kDNA of trypanosomes: a puzzling genome. In Proceedings, VIIth International Congress of Protozoology, Nairobi, Kenya, 124, Abstract 282.Google Scholar

Bolivar, F., Rodriguez, R. L., Greene, P. J., Betlach, M. C., Heynek, H. L. & Boykr, H. W. (1977). Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multi-purpose cloning system. Gene 2, 95–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borst, P., Fase-Fowler, F. & Gibson, W. C. (1981 a). Quantitation of genetic differences beween Trypansoma brucei gambiense, rhodesiense and brucei by restriction enzyme analysis of kinetoplast DNA. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 3, 117–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borst, P. & Hoeijmakers, J. H. J. (1979 a). Structure and function of kinetoplast DNA of the African Trypanosomes. In Extrachromasomal DNA. ICN–UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology (ed. Cummings, D.Borst, P.David, I.Weissmanand, S.Fox, C. F.) 15, 515–32. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Brack, C. H., Bickle, T. A., Yuan, R., Barker, D. C., Foulkes, M., Newton, B. A. &, Jenni, L. (1976). The use of restriction enzymes for the investigation of kinetoplast DNA. In Biochemistry of Parasites and Host–Parasite Relationships (ed. Bossche, H. Van Den), pp. 211–18. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar

Brigati, D. J., Myerson, D., Leary, J. J., Spalholz, B., Travis, S. Z., Fong, C. K. Y., Hsiung, G. D. & Ward, D. C. (1983). Detection of viral genomes in cultured cells and paraffin-embedded tissue selections using Biotin-labelled hybridization probes. Virology 126, 32–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chance, M. L. (1976). DNA relationships in the genus leishmania. In Biochemistry of Host-Parasite Relationships (ed. Bossche, H. Van Den), pp. 229–235. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.Google Scholar

Chance, M. L. (1979). The identification of leishmania. In Problems in the Identification of Parasites and their Vectors (ed. Taylor, A. E. R. and Muller, R.), pp. 55–74. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar

Chen, K. K. & Donelson, J. E. (1980). The sequence of two kinetoplast DNA minicircles of Trypanosoma brucei. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 77, 2445–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Ibarra, A. A. L., Howard, J. G. & Snary, D. (1982). Monoclonal antibodies to Leishmania tropica major specificities and antigen location. Parasitology 85, 523–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Englund, P. T., Hajduk, S. L. & Marini, J. C. (1982). The molecular biology of trypanosomes. Annual Reviews of Biochemistry 51, 695–726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Evans, D. A., Lanham, S. M., Baldwin, C. I. & Peters, W. (1984). The isolation and isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania braziliensis subspecies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in Belize. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78, 35–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gall, J. G. & Pardue, M. L. (1971). Nucleic acid, vol. 21 hybridization in cytological preparations. In Methods of Enzymology (ed. Grossman, L. and Moldave, K.), pp. 470–80. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Grunstein, M. & Hogness, D. (1975). Colony hybridization: a method for the isolation of cloned DNA's that contain a specific gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 72, 3961–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanahan, D. & Meselson, M. (1980). A protocol for high density screening of plasmids in x1776. Gene 10, 63–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, W. P. K. (1983). Identification of ‘Old World’ leishmaniasis by kinetoplast DNA. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar

Kennedy, W. P. K. (1984). Novel identification of differences in the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania isolates by recombinant DNA techniques and ‘in situ’ hybridization. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 12, 313–25.Google Scholar

Kidane, G. Z., Hughes, D. & Simpson, L. (1984). Sequence heterogeneity and anomalous electrophoretic mobility of kinetoplast minicircle DNA from Leishmania tarentolae. Gene 27, 265–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kitchen, P. A., Klein, V. A., Fein, B. I. & Englund, P. T. (1984). Gapped minicircles: a novel replication intermediate of kinetoplast DNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry 259, 15532–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lainson, R. (1982 a). Leishmaniasis. In Parasitic Zoonoses. CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses: Section C, vol. 1 (ed. Jacobs, L. and Arambulo, P.), pp. 41–103. Boca Raton: CRC Press.Google Scholar

Lainson, R. (1982 a). Leishmaniasis parasites of mammals in relation to human diseases. In Animal Disease in Relation to Animal Conservation. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 50, 137–79.Google Scholar

Lainson, R., Shaw, J. J. & Povoa, M. A. (1981). The importance of endentates (sloths and anteaters) as primary reservoirs of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis, causative agent in ‘ pian-bois’ in north Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, 611–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lainson, R., Shaw, J. J., Ready, P. D., Miles, M. A. & Povoa, M. A. (1981). Leishmaniasis in Brazil. XVI. Isolation and identification of Leishmania species from sandflies, wild animals and man in north Para State, with particular reference to L. braziliensis guyanensis, causative agent of ‘pian-bois’. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, 530–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Langee-Safer, P. R., Levine, M. & Ward, D. C. (1982). Immunological method for mapping genes on Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 79, 4381–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Langer, P. R., Waldrop, A. A. & Ward, D. C. (1981). Enzymatic synthesis of biotin-labelled polynucleotides: novel nucleic acid affinity probes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 78, 6633–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leary, J. J., Brigati, D. J. & Ward, D. C. (1983). Rapid and sensitive colorimetric method for visualizing biotin-labelled DNA probes hybridized to DNA or RNA immobilized on nitrocellulose: bio-blots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 40, 4045–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Manuelidis, L. (1982). Repeated DNA sequences and nuclear structure. In Oenome Evolution (ed. Dover, G. A. and Flavell, R. B.), pp. 263–85. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Marini, J. C., Levene, S. D., Crothers, D. M. & Englund, P. T. (1982). Bent helical structure in kinetoplast DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, USA 79, 7664–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Martens, P. A. & Clayton, D. A., (1979). Mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication in mouse L-cells: location and sequence of the light-strand origin of replication. Journal of Molecular Biology 135, 327–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McMahon-Pratt, D. M. & David, J. R. (1981). Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between'New World’ species of leishmania. Nature, London 291, 581–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Messing, J. & Vieira, J. (1982). A new pair of M13 vectors for selecting either strand of double-digested restriction fragments. Gene 19, 269–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Molyneux, D. H. & Ashford, R. W. (1983). The Biology of Trypanosoma and Leishmania, Parasites of Man and Domestic Animals. London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Morel, C. & Simpson, L. (1980). Characterization of pathogenic Trypanosomaditae by restriction endonuclease finger-printing of kinetoplast DNA minicircles. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29, Suppl. 1070–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ntambi, J. M., & Englund, P. T. (1985). A gap at a unique location in newly replicated kinetoplast DNA minicircles from Trypanosoma equiperdum. Proceedings, VHth International Congress of Protozoology, Nairobi, Kenya 128, Abstract 299.Google Scholar

Ready, P. D., Lainson, R. & Shaw, J. J. (1983). Leishmaniansis in Brazil. XX. Prevalence of ‘enzootic rodent leishmaniasis’ (Leishmania mexicana amazonensis), and apparent absence of ‘pian bois’ (Le. braziliensis guyanensis), in plantations of introduced tree species and in other non-climax forests in eastern Amazonia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77, 775–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rigby, P. W. J., Diekman, R. C. & Berg, P. (1977). Labelling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase. International Journal of Molecular Biology 113, 237–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sanger, F., Nickler, S. & Coulson, A. R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain termination inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 74, 5463–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Selsing, E., Wells, R. D., Alden, C. J. & Arnot, S. (1979). Bent DNA: visualisation of a base-paired and stacked A-B conformational junction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 254, 5417–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Simpson, L. (1972). The kinetoplast of the haemoflagellates. International Reviews of Cytology 32, 139–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Simpson, A. M. & Simpson, L. (1980). Kinetoplast DNA and RNA of Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 2, 93–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Steinert, M., Van Assel, S., Bobst, P., Mol, J. N. M., Kleisen, C. M. & Newton, B. A. (1973). Specific detection of kinetoplast DNA in cytological preparations of trypanosomes by hybridization with complementary RNA. Experimental Cell Research 76, 175–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Steinert, M., Van Assel, S., Borst, P. & Newton, B. A. (1976). Evolution of kinetoplast DNA. In The Genetic Function of Mitochrondrial DNA (ed. Saccone, C. and Kroon, A. M.), pp. 71–81. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar

Steinert, M. & Van Assel, S. (1980). Sequence heterogeneity in kinetoplast DNA: reassociation kinetics. Plasmid 3, 7–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Southern, E. (1975). Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. Journal of Molecular Biology 98, 503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Subramanian, K. N., Dhar, R. & Weissman, S. M. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of a fragment of SV40 DNA that contains the origin of DNA replication and specifies the 5’ ends of ‘ early’ and ‘ late’ viral RNA. III. Construction of the total sequence of Eco Rllg fragment of SV40 DNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry 252, 355–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Twigg, A. J. & Sherratt, D. (1980). Trans-complementable copy-number mutants of plasmid Col El. Nature, London 283, 216–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahl, G. M., Stern, M. & Stark, G. R. (1979). Efficient transfer of large fragments from agarose gels to diazobenzylmethyl paper and rapid hybridization by using dextran sulphate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 76, 3683–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wirth, D. F. & McMahon-Pratt, D. (1982). Rapid identification of Leishmania species by specific hybridization of kinetoplast DNA in cutaneous lesions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 79, 6999–7003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ward, R. D., Lainson, R. & Shaw, J. J. (1978). Some methods for membrane feeding of laboratory reared neotropical sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 72, 269–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Were, J. B. O. (1985). Chemotherapy of Leishmaniases. Proceedings, VIIth International Congress of Protozoology, Nairobi, Kenya 145, Abstract 367.Google Scholar