Metabolic implications of stress-induced proline accumulation in plants (original) (raw)

• Alia and Pardha Saradhi P (1991) Proline accumulation under heavy metal stress. J Plant Physiol 138: 554–558
  Google Scholar
• Alia and Pardha Saradhi P (1993) Suppression in mitochondrial electron transport is the prime cause behind stress induced proline accumulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193: 54–58
  Google Scholar
• Alia, Pardha Saradhi P and Mohanty P (1991) Proline enhances primary photochemical activities in isolated thylakoid membranes of Brassica juncea by arresting photo-inhibitory damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 181: 1238–1244
  Google Scholar
• Aloni B and Rosenshtein G (1982) Effect of flooding on tomato cultivars: The relationship between proline accumulation and other morphological and physiological changes. Physiol Plant 56: 513–517
  Google Scholar
• Anbazhagan M, Krishnamurthy R and Bhagwat KA (1988) Proline: An enigmatic indicator of air pollution tolerance in rice cultivars. J Plant Physiol 133: 122–123
  Google Scholar
• Ap Rees T (1990) Carbon metabolism in mitochondria. In: Dennis DT and Turpin DH (eds) Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, p 116. London: Longman
  Google Scholar
• Arakawa T and Timasheff SN (1983) Preferential interactions of proteins with solvent components in aqueous amino acid solutions. Arch Biochem Biophys 244: 169–177
  Google Scholar
• Arakawa T and Timasheff SN (1985) The stabilisation of proteins by osmolytes. Biophys J 47: 411–414
  Google Scholar
• Argandona V and Pahlich E (1991) Water stress on proline content and enzyme activities in barley seedlings. Phytochemistry 30: 1093–1094
  Google Scholar
• Aro E-M, McCaffery S and Anderson JM (1993a) Photo-inhibition and D1 degradation in peas acclimated to different growth irradiances. Plant Physiol 103: 835–843
  Google Scholar
• Aro E-M, Virgin I and Andersson B (1993b) Photoinhibition of photosystem II. Inactivation, protein damage and turnover. Biochim Biophys Acta 1143: 113–134
  Google Scholar
• Atkinson DE (1977) Cellular Energy Metabolism and Its Regulation. New York: Academic Press
  Google Scholar
• Auderset G, Gahan PB, Dawson AL and Greppin H (1980) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as an early marker of floral induction in shoot apices of Spinacia oleraceae var. Nobel. Plant Sci Lett 20: 109–113
  Google Scholar
• Azaizeh H and Steudle E (1991) Effects of salinity on water transport of excised maize (Zea mays L.) roots. Plant Physiol 97: 1136–1145
  Google Scholar
• Balboni E (1978) A proline shuttle in insect flight muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 85: 1090–1096
  Google Scholar
• Baker NR (1991) Possible role of photosystem II in environmental perturbations of photosynthesis. Physiol. Plant 81: 563–570
  Google Scholar
• Bassi R and Sharma SS (1993) Changes in proline content accompanying the uptake of zinc and copper by Lemna minor. Ann Bot 72: 151–154
  Google Scholar
• Bellinger Y and Larher F (1987) Proline accumulation in higher plants: A redox buffer? Plant Physiol (Life Sci Adv.) 6: 23–27
  Google Scholar
• Bernier G, Kinet J-M and Sachs R (1981) The Physiology of Flowering. Volume II. Transition to Reproductive Growth, pp 157–159. Boca Raton: CRC Press
  Google Scholar
• Blake RL (1972) Animal model for hypoprolinaemia: Deficiency of mouse proline oxidase activity. Biochem J 129: 987–989
  Google Scholar
• Blum A and Ebercon A (1976) Genotypic responses in sorghum to drought stress. III. Free proline accumulation and drought resistance. Crop Sci 16: 428–431
  Google Scholar
• Blum A, Munns R, Passioura JB, Turner NC, Sharp RE, Boyer JS, Nguyen HT, Hsiao TC, Verma DPS and Hong Z (1996) Genetically engineered plants resistant to soil drying and salt stress: How to interpret osmotic relations? Plant Physiol 110: 1051–1053
  Google Scholar
• Boggess SF, Koeppe DE and Stewart CR (1978) Oxidation of proline by plant mitochondria. Plant Physiol 62: 22–25
  Google Scholar
• Boggess SF, Paleg LG and Aspinall D (1975) Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase in barley, a proline-accumulating species. Plant Physiol 56: 259–262
  Google Scholar
• Botha FC, Potgieter GP and Botha A-M (1992) Respiratory metabolism and gene expression during seed germination. Plant Growth Regul 11: 211–224
  Google Scholar
• Bowman WD (1988) Ionic and water relation responses of two populations of a non-halophyte to salinity. J Exp Bot 39: 97–105
  Google Scholar
• Boyer JS and Younis HM (1983) Molecular aspects of photosynthesis at low leaf water potentials. In: Marcelle R, Clijsters H and van Poucke M (eds) Effects of Stress on Photosynthesis, pp 29–33. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers
  Google Scholar
• Branden C and Tooze J (1991) Introduction to Protein Structure. New York: Garland
  Google Scholar
• Buchanan BB (1991) Regulation of CO2 assimilation in oxygenic photosynthesis: The ferredoxin/thioredoxin system. Arch Biochem Biophys 288: 1–9
  Google Scholar
• Cavalieri AJ and Huang AHC (1980) Carrier-protein-mediated transport of neutral amino acids into mung bean mitochondria. Plant Physiol 66: 588–591
  Google Scholar
• Chandler PM and Robertson M (1994) Gene expression regulated by abscisic acid and its relation to stress tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 45: 113–141
  Google Scholar
• Chandler SF and Thorpe TA (1987) Characterisation of growth, water relations, and proline accumulation in sodium sulphate tolerant callus of Brassica napus L. cv Westar (Canola). Plant Physiol 84: 106–111
  Google Scholar
• Chen SL and Kao CH (1995) Cd induced changes in proline level and peroxidase activity in roots of rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 17: 67–71
  Google Scholar
• Chiang H-H and Dandekar AM (1995) Regulation of proline accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. during development and in response to desiccation. Plant Cell Environ 18: 1280–1290
  Google Scholar
• Chou IT, Chen CT and Kao CH (1991) Characteristics of the induction of the accumulation of proline by abscisic acid and isobutyric acid in detached rice leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 32: 269–272
  Google Scholar
• Chrominski A, Halls S, Weber DJ and Smith BN (1989) Proline affects ACC and ethylene conversion under salt and water stresses in the halophyte, Allenrolfea occidentalis. Environ Exp Bot 29: 359–363
  Google Scholar
• Chu TM, Jusaitis M, Aspinall D and Paleg LG (1978) Accumulation of free proline at low temperatures. Physiol Plant 43: 254–260
  Google Scholar
• Costilow RN and Cooper D (1978) Identity of proline dehydrogenase and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid reductase in Clostridium sporogenes. J Bacteriol 134: 139–146
  Google Scholar
• Critchley C and Russell AW (1994) Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in vivo: The role of protein turnover in photosystem II. Physiol Plant 92: 188–196
  Google Scholar
• Cruz RT, Jordan WR and Drew MC (1992) Structural changes and associated reduction of hydraulic conductance in roots of Sorghum bicolor L. following exposure to water deficit. Plant Physiol 99: 203–212
  Google Scholar
• Dannehl H, Wietoska H, Heckmann H and Godde D (1996) Changes in D1-protein turnover and recovery of photosystem II activity precede accumulation of chlorophyll in plants after release from mineral stress. Planta 199: 34–42
  Google Scholar
• Danon A and Mayfield SP (1994) Light-regulated translation of chloroplast messenger RNAs through redox potential. Science 266: 1717–1719
  Google Scholar
• Delauney AJ and Verma DPS (1990) A soybean gene encoding Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase was isolated by functional complementation in Escherichia coli and is found to be osmoregulated. Mol Gen Genet 221: 299–305
  Google Scholar
• Delauney AJ and Verma DPS (1993) Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants. Plant J 4: 215–223
  Google Scholar
• Delauney AJ, Hu C-AA, Kavi Kishor PB and Verma DPS (1993) Cloning of ornithine-_δ_-aminotransferase cDNA from Vigna aconitifolia by _trans_-complementation in Escherichia coli and regulation of proline biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 268: 18673–18678
  Google Scholar
• Dietz K-J and Heilos L (1990) Carbon metabolism in spinach leaves as affected by leaf age and phosphorus and sulphur nutrition. Plant Physiol 93: 1219–1225
  Google Scholar
• Dixon RA and Palva NL (1995) Stress-induced phenyl-propanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 7: 1085–1097
  Google Scholar
• Doddema H, Eddin RS and Mahasneh A (1986) Effects of seasonal changes of soil and soil nitrogen on the N-metabolism of the halophyte Arthrocnemum fructicosum (L.) Moq. Plant Soil 92: 279
  Google Scholar
• Draper SR (1972) Amino acid changes associated with low temperature treatment of Lolium perenne. Phytochemistry 11: 639–641
  Google Scholar
• Elthon TE and Stewart CR (1981) Submitochondrial location and electron transport characteristics of enzymes involved in proline oxidation. Plant Physiol 67: 780–784
  Google Scholar
• Elthon TE and Stewart CR (1982) Proline oxidation in corn mitochondria: Involvement of NAD, relationship to ornithine metabolism, and sidedness of the inner membrane. Plant Physiol 70: 567–572
  Google Scholar
• Elthon TE and Stewart CR (1984) Effects of the proline analogue L-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid on proline metabolism. Plant Physiol 74: 213–218
  Google Scholar
• Escoubas J-M, Lomas M, LaRoche J and Falkowski PG (1995) Light intensity regulates cab gene transcription via the redox state of the the plastoquinone pool in the green alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 10237–10241
  Google Scholar
• Fahrendorf T, Ni W, Shorrosh BS and Dixon RA (1995) Stress responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) XIX. Transcriptional activation of oxidative pentose phosphate pathway genes at the onset of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin response. Plant Mol Biol 28: 885–900
  Google Scholar
• Finkelstein RR and Somerville CR (1990) Three classes of abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive mutations of Arabidopsis define genes that control overlapping subsets of ABA responses. Plant Physiol 94: 1172–1179
  Google Scholar
• Floyd RA and Nagy ZS (1984) Formation of long-lived hydroxyl free radical adducts of proline and hydroxyproline in a Fenton reaction. Biochem Biophys Acta 790: 94–97
  Google Scholar
• Forsthoefel NR, Vernon DM and Cushman JC (1995) A salinity-induced gene from the halophyte M. crystallinum encodes a glycolytic enzyme, cofactor-independent phosophoglyceromutase. Plant Mol Biol 29: 213–226
  Google Scholar
• Fricke W and Pahlich E (1990) The effect of water stress on the vacuole-extravacuole compartmentation of proline in potato cell suspension cultures. Physiol Plant 78: 374–378
  Google Scholar
• Frommer WB, Hummel S and Riesmeier JW (1993) Expression cloning in yeast of a cDNA encoding a broad specificity amino acid permease from Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 5944–5948
  Google Scholar
• Fry IV, Huflejt M, Erber WWA, Peschek GA and Packer L (1986) The role of respiration during adaptation of the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6311 to salinity. Arch Biochem Biophys 244: 686–691
  Google Scholar
• Fryer MJ, Oxborough K, Martin B, Ort DR and Baker NR (1995) Factors associated with depression of photosynthetic quantum efficiency in maize at low growth temperature. Plant Physiol 108: 761–767
  Google Scholar
• Gäde G (1992) The hormonal integration of insect flight metabolism. Zool Jb Physiol 96: 211–225
  Google Scholar
• Garcia AB, Engler AJ, Van Montagu M. and Caplan A (1993) Effect of NaCl and osmoprotectants on growth inhibition, ion accumulation, and gene expression in rice (Oryza sativa). In: Close TJ and Bray EA (eds) Plant Responses to Cellular Dehydration During Environmental Stress, pp 272–273. American Society of Plant Physiologists
• Giardi MT, Cona A, Geiken B, Kučera T, Masojidek J and Mattoo AK (1996) Long-term drought stress induces structural and functional reorganisation of photosystem II. Planta 199: 118–125
  Google Scholar
• Girousse C, Bournoville R and Bonnemain J-L (1996) Water deficit-induced changes in concentrations in proline and some other amino acids in the phloem sap of alfalfa. Plant Physiol 111: 109–113
  Google Scholar
• Goas G, Goas M and Larher F (1982) Accumulation of free proline and glycine betaine in Aster tripolium subjected to a saline shock: A kinetic study related to light period. Physiol Plant 55: 383–388
  Google Scholar
• Godzik S and Linskens HF (1974) Concentration changes of free amino acids in primary bean leaves after continuous and interrupted SO2 fumigation and recovery. Environ Pollu 7: 25–38
  Google Scholar
• Göring H and Thien BH (1979) Influence of nutrient deficiency on proline accumulation in the cytoplasm of Zea mays L. seedlings. Biochem Physiol Pflanzen 174: 9–16
  Google Scholar
• Gottlieb ML and Bray EA (1991) The induction of free proline accumulation by endogenous ABA in Arabidopsis thaliana during drought. Plant Physiol (suppl.) 96: S–21
  Google Scholar
• Gray GR, Savitch LV, Ivanov AG and Huner NPA (1996) Photosystem II excitation pressure and the development of resistance to photoinhibition. II. Adjustment of photosynthetic capacity in winter wheat and winter rye. Plant Physiol 110: 61–71
  Google Scholar
• Greenway H and Setter TL (1979) Accumulation of proline and sucrose during the first hours after transfer of Chlorella emersonii to high NaCl. Aust J Plant Physiol 6: 69–79
  Google Scholar
• Handa S, Handa AK, Hasegawa PM and Bressan RA (1986) Proline accumulation and the adaptation of cultured plant cells to salinity stress. Plant Physiol 80: 938–945
  Google Scholar
• Hanson AD and Tully RE (1979) Light stimulation of proline synthesis in water-stressed barley leaves. Planta 145: 45–51
  Google Scholar
• Hanukoglu I and Gutfinger T (1989) cDNA sequence of adrenodoxin reductase: Identification of NADP-binding sites in oxidoreductases. Eur J Biochem 180: 479–484
  Google Scholar
• Hare PD and Cress WA (1996) Tissue-specific accumulation of transcript encoding Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Growth Regul 19: 249–256
  Google Scholar
• Hare PD, Du Plessis S, Cress WA and Van Staden J (1996) Stress-induced changes in plant gene expression: Prospects for enhancing agricultural productivity in Southern Africa. S Afr J Sci 92: 431–439
  Google Scholar
• Havaux M (1992) Stress tolerance of photosystem II in vivo: Antagonistic effects of water, heat, and photoinhibition stresses. Plant Physiol 100: 424–432
  Google Scholar
• Hayward DC, Delaney SJ, Campbell HD, Ghysen A, Benzer S, Kasprzak AB, Cotsell JN, Young IG. and Gabor Miklos GL (1993) The sluggish-A gene of Drosophila melanogaster is expressed in the nervous system and encodes proline oxidase, a mitochondrial enzyme involved in glutamate biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 2979–2983
  Google Scholar
• Hayzer DJ and Leisinger Th (1980) The gene-enzyme relationships of proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. J Gen Microbiol 118: 287–293
  Google Scholar
• He JX, Wang J and Liang HG (1995) Effects of water stress on photochemical function and protein metabolism of photosystem II in wheat leaves. Physiol Plant 93: 771–777
  Google Scholar
• Hellebust JA and Larochelle J (1988) Compartmentation and activities of enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids implicated in osmoregulatory mechanisms in Acanthamoeba castellanii. J Protozool 35: 498–502
  Google Scholar
• Herbers K, Meuwly P, Frommer WB, Métraux J-P and Sonnewald U (1996) Systemic acquired resistance mediated by the ectopic expression of invertase: Possible hexose sensing in the secretory pathway. Plant Cell 8: 793–803
  Google Scholar
• Hervieu F, Le Dily F, Huault C and Billard J-P (1995) Contribution of ornithine aminotransferase to proline accumulation in NaCl-treated radish cotyledons. Plant Cell Environ 18: 205–210
  Google Scholar
• Heuer B (1994) Osmoregulatory role of proline in water and salt-stressed plants. In: Pessarakli M (ed) Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, pp 363–381. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc
  Google Scholar
• Hodgson RAJ and Raison JK (1989) Inhibition of photosynthesis by chilling in moderate light: A comparison of plants sensitive and insensitive to chilling. Planta 178: 545–552
  Google Scholar
• Hu C-AA, Delauney AJ and Verma DPS (1992) A bifunctional enzyme (Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) catalyses the first two steps in proline biosynthesis in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9345–9358
  Google Scholar
• Huang AHC and Cavalieri AJ (1979) Proline oxidase and water stress-induced proline accumulation in spinach leaves. Plant Physiol 63: 531–535
  Google Scholar
• Huner NPA, Gunnar O, Hurry VM, Krol M, Falk S and Griffith M (1993) Photosynthesis, photoinhibition and low temperature acclimation in cold tolerant plants. Photosynth Res 37: 19–39
  Google Scholar
• Itai C and Paleg LG (1982) Responses of water-stressed Hordeum distichum L. and Cucumis sativus to proline and betaine. Plant Sci Lett 25: 329–335
  Google Scholar
• Jang J-C and Sheen J (1994) Sugar sensing in higher plants. Plant Cell 6: 1665–1679
  Google Scholar
• Jeanjean R, Matthijs HCP, Onana B, Havaux M and Joset F (1993) Exposure of the cyanobacterium Synechcystis PCC 6803 to salt stress induces concerted changes in respiration and photosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol 34: 1073–1079
  Google Scholar
• Joshi SS (1984) Effect of salinity stress on organic and mineral constituents in the leaves of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. var. C-11) Plant Soil 82: 69–75
  Google Scholar
• Jost A, Perlman S, Valentino O, Castanier M, Scoller R and Marge S (1988) Experimental control of differentiation of Leydig cells in the rat fetal testis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8094–8097
  Google Scholar
• Kandpal RP and Rao NA (1985) Alterations in the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in finger millet (Eleucine coracana) seedlings during water stress and the effect of proline on protein biosynthesis. Plant Sci 40: 73–79
  Google Scholar
• Kavi Kishor PB, Hong Z, Miao G-H, Hu C-AA and Verma DPS (1995) Overexpression of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase increases proline production and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Plant Physiol. 108: 1387–1394
  Google Scholar
• Kohl DH, Lin JJ, Shearer G and Schubert KR (1990) Activities of the pentose phosphate pathway and enzymes of proline metabolism in legume root nodules. Plant Physiol 94: 1258–1264
  Google Scholar
• Kohl DH, Schubert KR, Carter MB, Hagedorn CH and Shearer G (1988) Proline metabolism in N2-fixing root nodules: Energy transfer and regulation of purine synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 2036–2040
  Google Scholar
• Kohl DH, Kennelly EJ, Zhu Y, Schubert KR and Shearer G (1991) Proline accumulation, nitrogenase (C2H2 reducing) activity and activities of enzymes related to proline metabolism in drought-stressed soybean nodules. J Exp Bot 240: 831–837
  Google Scholar
• Krackhardt M and Guerrier G (1995) Effect of osmotic and ionic stresses on proline and organic acid contents during imbibition and germination of soybean seeds. J Plant Physiol 146: 725–730
  Google Scholar
• Krueger R, Jäger H-J, Hintz M and Pahlich E (1986) Purification to homogeneity of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase of barley. Plant Physiol 80: 142–144
  Google Scholar
• Kuo CG and Chen BW (1980) Physiological responses of tomato cultivars to flooding. J Am Soc Hort Sci 105: 751–755
  Google Scholar
• Kuo CG, Chen HM and Ma LH (1986) Effect of high temperature on proline content in tomato floral buds and leaves. J Am Soc Hort Sci 111: 746–750
  Google Scholar
• Kurkdjian A and Guern J (1989) Intracellular pH: Measurement and importance in cell activity. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 40: 271–303
  Google Scholar
• Labanauskas CK, Stolzy LH and Handy MF (1974) Soil oxygen and Phytophthera spp. root infestation effects on protein and free amino acids in lemon and orange leaves. J Am Soc Hort Sci 99: 497–500
  Google Scholar
• Lagrimini LM, Burkhart W, Moyer M and Rothstein S (1987) Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the lignin forming peroxidase from tobacco: Molecular analysis and tissue specific expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 7542–75466
  Google Scholar
• LaRosa PC, Rhodes D, Rhodes JC, Bressan RA and Csonka LN (1991) Elevated accumulation of proline in NaCl-adapted tobacco cells is not due to altered Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Plant Physiol 96: 245–250
  Google Scholar
• Lawlor DW and Uprety DC (1993) Effects of water stress on photosynthesis of crops and the biochemical mechanism. In: Abrol YP, Mohanty P and Govindjee (eds) Photosynthesis: Photoreactions to Plant Productivity, pp 419–449. Dordrecht: Kluwer
  Google Scholar
• Laxalt MA, Cassia RO, Sanllorenti PM, Madrid EA, Andreu AB, Daleo GR, Conde RD and Lamattina L (1996) Accumulation of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase RNA under biological stress conditions and elicitor treatments in potato. Plant Mol Biol 30: 961–972
  Google Scholar
• Leigh RA, Ahmad N and Wyn Jones RG (1981) Assessment of glycinebetaine and proline compartmentation by analysis of isolated beet vacuoles. Planta 153: 34–41
  Google Scholar
• Levings CS III and Siedow JN (1995) Regulation of redox poise in chloroplasts. Science 268: 695–696
  Google Scholar
• Leyva A, Jarillo JA, Salinas J and Martinez-Zapater J (1995) Low temperature induces the accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs of Arabidopsis thaliana in a light-dependent manner. Plant Physiol 108: 39–46
  Google Scholar
• Lütz C, Steiger A and Godde D (1992) Influence of air pollutants and nutrient deficiency on D-1 protein content and photosynthesis in young spruce trees. Physiol Plant 85: 611–617
  Google Scholar
• Madan S, Nainawatee HS, Jain RK and Chowdhury JB (1995) Proline and proline metabolising enzymes in in vitro selected NaCl-tolerant Brassica juncea L. under salt stress. Ann Bot 76: 51–57
  Google Scholar
• Maxwell DP, Falk S and Huner NPA (1995a) Photosystem II excitation pressure and the development of resistance to photoinhibition. I. LHCII abundance and zeaxanthin content in Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiol 107: 687–694
  Google Scholar
• Maxwell DP, Laudenbach DE and Huner NPA (1995b) Redox regulation of light-harvesting complex II and cab mRNA abundance in Dunaliella salina. Plant Physiol 109: 787–795
  Google Scholar
• Melo-Oliveira R, Oliveira IC and Coruzzi GM (1996) Arabidopsis mutant analysis and gene regulation define a nonredundant role for glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 4718–4723
  Google Scholar
• Meon S, Fisher JM and Wallace HR (1978) Changes in free proline following infection of plants with either Meloidogyne javanica or Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Physiol Plant Pathol 12: 251–256
  Google Scholar
• Mohanty SK and Sridhar R (1982) Physiology of rice tungro virus disease: Proline accumulation due to infection. Physiol Plant 56: 89–93
  Google Scholar
• Mumtaz S, Naqvi SSM, Shereen A and Khan MA (1995) Proline accumulation in wheat seedlings subjected to various stresses. Acta Physiol Plant 17: 17–20
  Google Scholar
• Naidu BP, Paleg LG, Aspinall D, Jennings AC and Jones GP (1990) Rate of imposition of water stress alters the accumulation of nitrogen-containing solutes by wheat seedlings. Aust J Plant Physiol 17: 653–664
  Google Scholar
• Naidu BP, Paleg LG, Aspinall D, Jennings AC and Jones GP (1991) Amino acid and glycine betaine accumulation in cold-stresssed wheat seedlings. Phytochemistry 30: 407–409
  Google Scholar
• Naik GP and Joshi GV (1983) Ineffectual role of proline metabolism in salt-stressed sugarcane leaves. Proc Indian Acad Sci 92: 265–272
  Google Scholar
• Niu X, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM and Pardo JM (1995) Ion homeostasis in NaCl stress environments. Plant Physiol 109: 735–742
  Google Scholar
• Nogués S and Baker NR (1995) Evaluation of the role of damage of photosystem II in the inhibition of CO2 assimilation in pea leaves on exposure to UV-B radiation. Plant Cell Environ 18: 781–787
  Google Scholar
• Nonami H and Boyer JS (1990) Wall extensibility and cell hydraulic conductivity decrease in enlarging stem tissues at low water potentials. Plant Physiol 93: 1610–1619
  Google Scholar
• Ober ES and Sharp RE (1994) Proline accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) primary roots at low water potentials. I. Requirement for increased levels of abscisic acid. Plant Physiol 105: 981–987
  Google Scholar
• O'Regan BP, Cress WA and van Staden J (1993) Root growth, water relations, abscisic acid and proline levels of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive maize cultivars in response to water stress. S Afr J Bot 59: 98–104
  Google Scholar
• Pahlich E, Kerres R and Jäger H-J (1983) Influence of water stress on the vacuole/extravacuole distribution of proline in protoplasts of Nicotiana rustica. Plant Physiol 72: 590–591
  Google Scholar
• Pardha Saradhi P, Alia, Arora S and Prasad KVSK (1995) Proline accumulates in plants exposed to UV radiation and protects them against UV induced peroxidation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 209: 1–5
  Google Scholar
• Perino C and Côme D (1991) Physiological and metabolical study of the germination phases in apple embryo. Seed Sci Technol 19: 1–14
  Google Scholar
• Pesci P (1993) Glucose mimics the enhancing effect of light on ABA-induced proline accumulation in hydrated barley and wheat leaves. J Plant Physiol 142: 355–359
  Google Scholar
• Phang JM (1985) The regulatory functions of proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid. Curr Top Cell Regul 25: 91–132
  Google Scholar
• Portis AR (1992) Regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 43: 415–437
  Google Scholar
• Pryke JA and Ap Rees T (1976) Activity of the pentose phosphate pathway during lignification. Planta 132: 279–284
  Google Scholar
• Pryke JA and Ap Rees T (1977) The pentose phosphate pathway as a source of NADPH for lignin synthesis. Phytochemistry 16: 557–560
  Google Scholar
• Rayapati PJ and Stewart CR (1991) Solubilisation of a proline dehydrogenase from maize (Zea mays L.) mitochondria. Plant Physiol 95: 787–791
  Google Scholar
• Rayapati PJ, Stewart CR and Hack E (1989) Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase is in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf chloroplasts. Physiol Plant 91: 581–586
  Google Scholar
• Rob M, Roelfsema G, Hidde B and Prins A (1995) Effect of absicisic acid on stomatal opening in isolated epidermal stips of abi mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol Plant 95: 373–378
  Google Scholar
• Robertson D, Davies DR, Gerish C, Jupe SC and Bolwell GP (1995) Rapid changes in oxidative metabolism as a consequence of elicitor treatment of suspension-cultured cells of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Plant Mol Biol 27: 59–67
  Google Scholar
• Rodriguez MM and Heyser JW (1988) Growth inhibition by exogenous proline and its metabolism in saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) suspension cultures. Plant Cell Rep 7: 305–311
  Google Scholar
• Rudolph AS, Crowe JH and Crowe LM (1986) Effects of three stabilising agents — proline, betaine and trehalose — on membrane phospholipids. Arch Biochem Biophys 245: 134–143
  Google Scholar
• Sanada Y, Ueda H, Kuribayashi K, Andoh T, Hayashi F, Tamai N and Wada K (1995) Novel light-dark change of proline levels in halophyte (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) and glycophytes (Hordeum vulgare L. and Triticum aestivum L.) leaves and roots under salt stress. Plant Cell Physiol 36: 965–970
  Google Scholar
• Savitch LV, Maxwell DP and Huner NPA (1996) Photosystem II excitation pressure and photosynthetic carbon metabolism in Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiol 111: 127–136
  Google Scholar
• Savouré A, Jaoua S, Hua X-E, Ardiles W, Van Montagu M and Verbruggen N (1995) Isolation, characterisation, and chromosomal location of a gene encoding the Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 372: 13–19
  Google Scholar
• Schobert B and Tschesche H (1978) Unusual solution properties of proline and its interactions with proteins. Biochem Biophys Acta 541: 270–277
  Google Scholar
• Seitz EW and Hochster RM (1964) Free proline in normal and in crown-gall tumour tissue of tomato and tobacco. Life Sci 3: 1033–1037
  Google Scholar
• Sells GD and Koeppe DE (1981) Oxidation of proline by mitochondria isolated from water-stressed maize shoots. Plant Physiol 68: 1058–1063
  Google Scholar
• Shetty K, Shetty GA, Nakazakim Y, Yoshioka Y, Asano, Y. and Oosawa K (1992) Stimulation of benzyladenine-induced in vitro shoot organogenesis in Cucumis melo L. by proline, salicylic acid and aspirin. Plant Sci 84: 193–199
  Google Scholar
• Skubatz H, Meeuse BJD and Bendich AJ (1989) Oxidation of proline and glutamate by mitochondria of the inflorescence of voodoo lily (Sauromatum guttatum). Plant Physiol 91: 530–535
  Google Scholar
• Smirnoff N (1993) The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation. New Phytol 125: 27–58
  Google Scholar
• Smirnoff N and Cumbes QJ (1989) Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes. Phytochemistry 28: 1057–1060
  Google Scholar
• Stewart CR (1978) Role of carbohydrates in proline accumulation in wilted barley leaves. Plant Physiol 61: 775–778
  Google Scholar
• Stewart CR and Boggess SF (1977) The effect of wilting on the conversion of arginine, ornithine, and glutamate to proline in bean leaves. Plant Sci Lett 8: 147–153
  Google Scholar
• Stewart CR and Lai EY (1974) Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase in mitochondrial preparations from plant seedlings. Plant Sci Lett 3: 173–181
  Google Scholar
• Stewart CR and Lee JA (1974) The role of proline accumulation in halophytes. Planta 120: 279–289
  Google Scholar
• Stewart CR and Voetberg G (1985) Relationship between stress-induced ABA and proline accumulations and ABA-induced proline accumulation in excised barley leaves. Plant Physiol 79: 24–27
  Google Scholar
• Stewart CR, Boggess SF, Aspinall D and Paleg LG (1977) Inhibition of proline oxidation by water stress. Plant Physiol 59: 930–932
  Google Scholar
• Storey R and Wyn Jones RG (1977) Quaternary ammonium compounds in plants in relation to salt resistance. Phytochemistry 16: 447
  Google Scholar
• Szoke A, Miao G-H, Hong Z and Verma DPS (1992) Subcellular location of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in root/nodule and leaf of soybean. Plant Physiol 99: 1642–1649
  Google Scholar
• Taylor AA and Stewart CR (1981) Tissue and subcellular localisation of enzymes of arginine metabolism in Pisum sativum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 101: 1281–1289
  Google Scholar
• Timpa JD, Burke JJ, Quisenberry JE and Wendt CW (1986) Effects of water stress on the organic acid and carbohydrate composition of cotton plants. Plant Physiol 82: 724–728
  Google Scholar
• Vance CP, Kirk TK and Sherwood RT (1980) Lignification as a mechanism of disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 18: 259–288
  Google Scholar
• Van Rensburg L, Krüger GHJ and Krüger H (1993) Proline accumulation as drought tolerance selection criterion: Its relationship to membrane integrity and chloroplast ultrastructure in Nicotiana tabacum L. J Plant Physiol 141: 188–194
  Google Scholar
• Van Swaaij AC, Jacobsen E and Feenstra WJ (1985) Effect of cold hardening, wilting and exogenously applied proline on leaf proline content and frost tolerance of several genotypes of Solanum. Physiol Plant 64: 230–236
  Google Scholar
• Vassiliev IR, Kolber Z, Wyman KD, Mauzerall D, Shukla VK and Falkowski PG (1995) Effects of iron limitation on photosystem II composition and light utilisation in Dunaliella tertiolecta. Plant Physiol 109: 963–972
  Google Scholar
• Vaucheret H, Kronenberger J, Lepingle A, Vilaine F, Boutin J-P and Caboche M (1992) Inhibition of tobacco nitrite reductase activity by expression of antisense RNA. Plant J 2: 559–569
  Google Scholar
• Venekamp JH (1989) Regulation of cytosol acidity in plants under conditions of drought. Physiol Plant 76: 112–117
  Google Scholar
• Verbruggen N, Villarroel R and Van Montagu M (1993) Osmoregulation of a pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 103: 771–781
  Google Scholar
• Voetberg GS and Sharp RE (1991) Growth of the maize primary root at low water potentials. III. Role of increased proline deposition in osmotic adjustment. Plant Physiol 96: 125–130
  Google Scholar
• Von Schaewen A, Lagenkämper G, Graeve K, Wenderoth I and Scheibe R (1995) Molecular characterisation of the plastidic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from potato in comparison to its cytosolic counterpart. Plant Physiol 109: 1327–1335
  Google Scholar
• Wakabayashi Y, Yamada E, Hasegawa T and Yamada R-H (1991) Enzymological evidence for the indispensability of small intestine in the synthesis of arginine from glutamate. I. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 291: 1–8
  Google Scholar
• Walton EF, Clark CJ and Boldingh HL (1991) Effect of hydrogen cyanamide on amino acid profiles in kiwifruit buds during budbreak. Plant Physiol 97: 1256–1259
  Google Scholar
• Wang S-S and Brandriss MC (1987) Proline utilisation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Analysis of the cloned PUT1 gene product. Mol Cell Biol 7: 4431–4440
  Google Scholar
• Werner JE and Finkelstein RR (1995) Arabidopsis mutants with reduced response to NaCl and osmotic stress. Physiol Plant 93: 659–666
  Google Scholar
• Williamson CL and Slocum RD (1992) Molecular cloning and evidence for osmoregulation of the Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (proC) gene in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Physiol 100: 1464–1470
  Google Scholar
• Wrench P, Wright L, Brady CJ and Hinde RW (1977) The source of carbon for proline synthesis in osmotically stressed artichoke tuber slices. Aust J Plant Physiol 4: 7033–711
  Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Kwon H-B, Peng H-P and Shih M-C (1993) Stress responses and metabolic regulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 101: 209–216
  Google Scholar
• Yeh GC and Phang JM (1988) Stimulation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and purine nucleotide production by pyrroline-5-carboxylate in human erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 263: 13083–13089
  Google Scholar
• Yoshiba Y, Kiyosue T, Katagiri T, Ueda H, Mizoguchi T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Wada K, Harada Y and Shinozaki K (1995) Correlation between the induction of a gene for Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and the accumulation of proline in Arabidopsis thaliana under osmotic stress. Plant J 7: 751–760
  Google Scholar