Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., and Garrels, R. M. (1983) The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years. Amer. J. Sci.283, 641–683. Google Scholar
Brock, T. D. (1973) Lower pH limit for the existence of blue-green algae: evolutionary and ecological implications. Science179, 480–483. Google Scholar
Broecker, W. S. (1971) A kinetic model for seawater composition. Quaternary Res. 1, 188–207. Google Scholar
Chave, K. E. (1960) Evidence on history of seawater. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists44, 357–370. Google Scholar
Chyba, C. F. (1987) The cometary contribution to the oceans of primitive Earth. Nature330, 632–635. Google Scholar
Cloud, P. (1968) Atmospheric and hydrospheric evolution on the primitive Earth. Science160, 729–736. Google Scholar
Cloud, P. (1972) A working model of the primitive Earth. Amer. J. Sci. 272, 537–548. Google Scholar
Cloud, P. (1973) Paleocological significance of the banded iron formations. Econ. Geology68, 1135–1143. Google Scholar
Dimroth, E. and Kimberley, M. M. (1976) Precambrian atmospheric oxygen: evidence in the sedimentary distributions of carbon, sulfur, uranium, and iron. Canadian Journal of Earth Science13, 1161–1185. Google Scholar
Des Marais, D. J., Strauss, H., Summons, R. E., and Hayes, J. M. (1992) Carbon isotopic evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Protorozoic environment. Nature359, 605–609. Google Scholar
Frank, L. A. and Sigwarth, J. B. (1993) Atmospheric holes and small comets. Reviews of Geophysics31, 1–28. Google Scholar
Garrels, R. M. and Christ, C. L. (1965) Solutions, Minerals, and Equilibria. New York, New York: Harper and Row. Google Scholar
Garrels, R.M. and Mackenzie, F. T. (1971) Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Google Scholar
Garrels, R. M. and Mackenzie, F. T. (1972) A quantitative model for the sedimentary rock cycle. Marine Chemistry1, 27–41. Google Scholar
Garrels, R. M., Perry, Jr., and Mackenzie, F. T. (1973) Genesis of Precambrian iron-formations and the development of atmospheric oxygen. Economic Geology68, 1173–1179. Google Scholar
Grotzinger, J. P. and Rothman, D. H. (1996) An abiotic model for stromatolite morphogenesis. Nature383, 423–425. Google Scholar
Grotzinger, J. P. (1993) New views of old carbonate sediments. Geotimes38, 12–15. Google Scholar
Hardie, L. A. (1996) Secular variation in seawater chemistry: An explanation for the coupled secular variation in the mineralogies of marine limestones and potash evaporites over the past 600 m. y. Geology24, 279–283. Google Scholar
Hayes, J. M. (1994) Global methanotrophy at the Archean-Proterozoic transition. In Early Life on Earth (ed. S. Bengtson), pp. 220–236. Nobel Symposium No. 84, New York, Columbia University Press. Google Scholar
He, S. and Morse, J. W. (1993) The carbonic acid system and calcite solubility in aqueous Na-K- Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 solutions from 0 to 90°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta57, 3533–3555. Google Scholar
Holland, H. D. (1972) The geologic history of sea water-an attempt to solve the problem. Bull. Geological Society of America36, 637–651. Holland, H. D. (1984) The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Holland, H. D. (1992) Distribution and paleoenvironmental interpretation of Proterozoic paleosols. In The Proterozoic Biosphere: a multidisciplinary study (eds. J.W. Schopf and Klein, C.), pp. 153–155. Cambridge University Press.
Holland, H. D. (1994) In Early Life on Earth (ed. S. Bengston), pp. 237–244. Nobel Symposium No. 4, Columbia University Press, N.Y. Google Scholar
Holser, W. T., Schidlowski, M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B. (1988) Geochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur. In Chemical Cycles in the Evolution of the Earth (eds. C. B. Gregor, Garrels, R. M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B.), pp. 105–173. John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. Google Scholar
Karhu, J. A. and Holland, H. D. (1996) Carbon iosotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Geology24, 867–870. Google Scholar
Kasting, J. F. (1987) Theoretical constraints on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere. Precambrian Res. 34, 205–229. Google Scholar
Kasting, J. F. (1992) Models relating to Proterozoic atmospheric and oceanic chemistry. In The Proterozoic Biosphere (eds. W. J. Schopf and Klein, C.), pp. 1185–1187. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Google Scholar
Kasting, J. F. (1997) Warming Earth and Mars. Science276, 1213–1215. Google Scholar
Kasting, J. F. and Ackerman, T. P. (1986) Climatic consequences of very high CO2 levels in the Earth's early atmopshere. Science234, 1383–1385. Google Scholar
Kempe, S. and Degens, E. T. (1985) An early soda ocean? Chem. Geol. 53, 95–108. Google Scholar
Kempe, S., Kazmierczak, J., and Degens, E. T. (1989) The soda ocean concept and its bearing on biotic evolution. In Origin, Evolution, and Modern Aspects of Biomineralization in Plants and Animals (ed. R. E. Crick), pp. 29–39. Plenum Press, N.Y. Google Scholar
Lafon, M. G. and Mackenzie, F. T. (1974) Early Evolution of the Oceans - A Weathering Model. In Studies in Paleo-Oceanography (ed. William Hay), pp. 205–218. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication No. 20.
Levinton, J. S. (1992) The big bang of animal evolution. Scientific American, November, 84–91.
Mackenzie, F. T. (1975) Sedimentary cycling and the evolution of sea water. In Chemical Oceanography, 2nd ed., v. 1 (eds. J. P. Riley and Skirrow, G.), pp. 309–364. Academic Press, London. Google Scholar
Mackenzie, F. T. and Morse, J. W. (1992) Sedimentary carbonates through Phanerozoic time. Geochim Cosmochim. Acta56, 3281–3296. Google Scholar
Morse, J. W. and He, S. (1993) Influences of T, S and _P_CO2 on the pseudo-homogeneous nucleation of calcium carbonate from seawater: Implications for whiting formation. Mar. Chem. 41, 291–298. Google Scholar
Morse, J. W. and Mackenzie, F. T. (1990) Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates, Elsevier, Amsterdam 707. Google Scholar
Morse, J. W., Wang, Q. and Tsio, M. Y. (1997) Influences of temperature and Mg:Ca ratio on the mineralogy of CaCO3 precipitated from seawater. Geology25, 85–87. Google Scholar
Mojzsis, S. J., Arrhenius, G., McKeegan, K. D., Harrison, T. M., Nutman, A. P., and Friend, C. R. L. (1997) Evidence for life on Earth before 3,800 million year ago. Nature384, 55–59. Google Scholar
Ohmoto, H. (1992) In Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources (eds. M. Schidlowski, Golubic, S., Kimberley, M. M., Mckirdy, D. M. and Trudinger, P. A.), pp. 378–397. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Google Scholar
Ohmoto, H. (1996) Evidence in pre-2.2 Ga paleosols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota. Geology24, 1135–1138. Google Scholar
Ohmoto, H. (1997) When did the Earth's atmosphere become oxic? Newsletter of The Geochemical Society, No. 93, pp. 12–13, 26-27. Google Scholar
Ohmoto, H., Kakegawa, T., and Lowe, D. R. (1993) 3.4-billion-year-old biogenic pyrites from Barberton, South Africa: Sulfur isotopic evidence. Science262, 555–557. Google Scholar
Owen, T., Cess, R. D., and Ramanathan, V. (1979) Early Earth: An enhanced carbon dioxide greenhouse to compensate for reduced solar luminosity. Nature277, 640–642. Google Scholar
Rubey, W.W. (1951) Geologic history of sea water: an attempt to state the problem. Bull. Geological Society America62, 1111–1148. Google Scholar
Rye, R., Kuo, P. H., and Holland, H. D. (1995) Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations before 2.2 billion years ago. Nature378, 603–605. Google Scholar
Sagan, C. and Chyba, C. (1997) The early faint sun paradox: Organic shielding of ultraviolet-l abile greenhouse gases. Science276, 1217–1221. Google Scholar
Sillen, L. G. (1961) The physical chemistry of seawater. In Oceanography (ed. M. Sears), pp. 549–581. AAAS Publication No. 67, Washington, D.C.
Spencer, R. J. and Hardie, L. A. (1990) Control of seawater composition by mixing of river waters and mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal brines. In Fluid-Mineral Interactions: A Tribute to H. P. Eugster, The Geochemical Society, Spec. Pub. No. 2, 409–419.
Sumner, D. Y. (1997) Carbonate precipitation and oxygen stratification in late Archean seawater as deduced from facies and stratigraphy of the Gamohaan and Frisco Formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Amer. J. Sci.297, 455–487. Google Scholar
Sylvester, P. J., Campbell, I. H. and Bowyer, D. A. (1997) Niobium/uranium evidence for early formation of the continental crust. Science275, 521–523. Google Scholar
Sylvester, P. J. (1998) Formation of the continents - dribble or big bang. The Geochemical News #94 12–25.
Veizer, J. (1988) The evolving exogenic cycle. In Chemical Cycles in the Evolution of the Earth (eds. C. B. Gregor, Garrela, R. M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B.), pp. 175–220. John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. Google Scholar
Walker, J. C. G. (1977) Evolution of the Atmosphere. Macmillan, N.Y. Google Scholar
Walker, J. C. G. (1983) Possible limits on the composition of the Archean ocean. Nature302, 518–520. Google Scholar
Walker J. C. G. (1985) Carbon dioxide on the early earth. Origins of Life16, 117–127. Google Scholar
Walker, J. C. G., Hays, P. B. and Kasting, J. F. (1981) A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9776–9782. Google Scholar
Walker, J. C. G. and Brimblecombe, P. (1985) Iron and sulfur in the pre-biologic ocean. Precambrian Research28, 205–222. Google Scholar
Watanabe, Y., Naraoka, H., Wronkiewicz, D. J., Condie, K. C., and Ohmoto, H. (1997) Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur geochemistry of Archean and Proterozoic shales from the Kaapvall Craton, South Africa. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta61, 3441–3459. Google Scholar