Ecosystem fertility and fallow function in the humid and subhumid tropics (original) (raw)
Abawi G and Thurston HD (1994) Effects of organic mulches, soil amendments, and cover crops on soilborne plant pathogens and their root diseases: a review. In: Thurston HD, Smith M, Abawi G and Kearl S (eds) Tapado Slash/Mulch: How Farmers Use It and What Researchers Know About It, pp 89–99. Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture, and Development, Ithaca, NY Google Scholar
Abubakar SM (1996) Rehabilitation of degraded lands by means of fallowing in a semi-arid area of northern Nigeria. Land Degradation and Development 7: 133–144 Article Google Scholar
Adepetu JA and Corey RB (1976) Organic phosphorus as a predictor of plant-available phosphorus in soils of southern Nigeria. Soil Science 122: 159–164 Google Scholar
Adepetu JA and Corey RB (1977) Changes in N and P availability and P fractions in Iwo soils from Nigeria under shifting cultivation. Plant and Soil 46: 309–316 Google Scholar
Anderson JM and Flanagan PW (1989) Biological processes regulating organic matter dynamics in tropical soils. In: Coleman DC, Oades JM and Uehara G (eds) Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter in Tropical Ecosystems, pp 97–123. NifTAL Project, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Google Scholar
Andriesse JP and Schelhaas RM (1987) A monitoring study of nutrient cycles in soils used for shifting cultivation under various climatic conditions in tropical Asia. II. Nutrient stores in biomass and soil — results of baseline studies. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 19: 285–310 Google Scholar
Atta-Krah AN (1990) Alley farming with leucaena: effect of short grazed fallows on soil fertility and crop yields. Experimental Agriculture 26: 1–10 Google Scholar
Aweto AO (1981a) Organic matter build-up in fallow soil in a part of south-western Nigeria and its effects on soil properties. Journal of Biogeography 8: 67–74 Google Scholar
Aweto AO (1981b) Secondary succession and soil fertility restoration in south-western Nigeria. II. Soil fertility restoration. Journal of Ecology 69: 609–614 Google Scholar
Balasubramanian V and Blaise NKA (1993) Short season fallow management for sustainable production in Africa. In: Ragland J and Lal R (eds) Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics, pp 279–293. American Society of Agronomy Special Publication 56. ASA, CSSA and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA Google Scholar
Barber RG and Navarro F (1994) The rehabilitation of degraded soils in eastern Bolivia and the incorporation of cover crops. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 5: 247–259 Google Scholar
Barrios E, Buresh RJ, and Sprent JI (1996) Organic matter in soil particle size and density fractions from maize and legume cropping systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28: 185–193 Article Google Scholar
Barrios E, Kwesiga F, Buresh RJ, and Sprent JI (1997) Light fraction soil organic matter and available nitrogen following trees and maize. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61: 826–831. Google Scholar
Barrios E, Kwesiga F, Buresh RJ, Sprent JI and Coe R (1998) Relating preseason soil nitrogen to maize yield in tree legume-maize rotations. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 1604–1609 Google Scholar
Bartholomew WV, Meyer J and Laudelout H (1953) Mineral nutrient immobilization under forest and grass fallow in the Yangambi (Belgian Congo) region. Institut National pour l'etude Agronomique du Congo, Serie Scientifique 57, Brussels, 27 pp Google Scholar
Bazzaz FA and Pickett STA (1980) Physiological ecology of tropical succession. A comparative review. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11: 287–310 Article Google Scholar
Bebwa B and Lejoly J (1993) Soil organic matter dynamics and mineral nutrients content in a traditional fallow system in Zaire. In: Mulongoy K and Merckx R (eds) Soil Organic Matter Dynamics and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture, pp 135–142. John Wiley & Sons and Sayce Publishing, Chichester, UK Google Scholar
Beck MA and Sanchez PA (1994) Soil phosphorus fraction dynamics during 18 years of cultivation on a Typic Paleudult. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 1424–1431 Google Scholar
Birkeland PW (1974) Soil and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 372 pp Google Scholar
Brown S and Lugo AE (1990) Tropical secondary forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6: 1–32 Google Scholar
Brubacher D, Arnason JT and Lambert JDH (1989) Woody species and nutrient accumulation during the fallow period of milpa farming in Belize, C. A. Plant and Soil 114: 165–172 Article Google Scholar
Buresh RJ, Smithson PC and Hellums DT (1997) Building soil phosphorus capital in Africa. In: Buresh RJ, Sanchez PA and Calhoun F (eds) Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa, pp 111–149. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 51. SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI. USA Google Scholar
Buresh RJ and Tian G (1997) Soil improvement by trees in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry Systems 38: 51–76 Article Google Scholar
Cambardella CA and Elliott ET (1992) Particulate soil organic matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56: 777–783 Google Scholar
Cambardella CA and Elliott ET (1994) Carbon and nitrogen dynamics of soil organic matter fractions from cultivated grassland soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 123–130 Google Scholar
Clarke RT (1962) The effect of some resting treatments on a tropical soil. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30: 57–62 Google Scholar
Colfer CJP (1991) Toward sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics. Building on TropSoils experience in Indonesia. TropSoils Bulletin No. 91–92. Soil Management Collaborative Research Support Program. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 86 pp Google Scholar
Cowgill UM (1962) An agricultural study of the southern Maya lowlands. American Anthropologist 64: 273–287 Article Google Scholar
Danso SKA, Bowen GD, Sanginga N (1992) Biological nitrogen fixation in trees in agroecosystems. Plant and Soil 141: 177–196 Article Google Scholar
De Foresta H and Michon G (1997) The agroforest alternative to Imperata grasslands: when smallholder agriculture and forestry reach sustainability. Agroforestry Systems 36: 105–120 Article Google Scholar
De Rouw A (1995) The fallow period as a weed-break in shifting cultivation (tropical wet forests). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 54: 31–43 Google Scholar
Drechsel P, Glaser B and Zech W (1991) Effect of four multipurpose tree species on soil amelioration during tree fallow in Central Togo. Agroforestry Systems 16: 193–202 Article Google Scholar
Drechsel P, Steiner KG and Hagedorn F (1996) A review on the potential of improved fallows and green manure in Rwanda. Agroforestry Systems 33: 109–136 Article Google Scholar
Drew WB, Aksornkoae S and Kaitpraneet W (1978) An Assessment of Productivity in Successional Stages from Abandoned Swidden (Roi) to Dry Evergreen Forest in Northeastern Thailand. Forest Research Bulletin No. 56, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand Google Scholar
Duxbury JM, Smith MS and Doran JW (1989) Soil organic matter as a source and sink of plant nutrients. In: Coleman DC, Oades JM and Uehara G (eds) Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter in Tropical Ecosystems, pp 33–68. NifTAL Project, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Google Scholar
Ewel JJ (1971) Biomass changes in early tropical succession. Turrialba 21: 110–112 Google Scholar
Ewel JJ, Benedict F, Berish C, Brown B, Gliessman S, Amador M, Bermudez R, Martinez A, Miranda R and Price N (1982) Leaf area, light transmission, roots, and leaf damage in nine tropical plant communities. Agro-Ecosystems 7: 305–326 Article Google Scholar
Ewel JJ, Berish C, Brown B, Price N and Raich J (1981). Slash and burn impacts on a wet forest site. Ecology 62: 816–829 Google Scholar
Ewel JJ, Mazzarino MJ, Berish CW (1991) Tropical soil fertility changes under monocultures and successional communities of different structure. Ecological Applications 1: 289–302 Google Scholar
Gichuru MP (1991) Residual effects of natural bush, Cajanus cajan and Tephrosia candida on the productivity of an acid soil in southeastern Nigeria. Plant and Soil 134: 31–36 Google Scholar
Gijsman AJ, Oberson A, Tiessen H and Friesen DK (1996) Limited applicability of the CENTURY model to highly weathered tropical soils. Agronomy Journal 88: 894–903 Google Scholar
Giller KE and Cadisch G (1995) Future benefits from biological nitrogen fixation: An ecological approach to agriculture. Plant and Soil 174: 255–277 Article Google Scholar
Giller KE, Cadisch G, Ehaliotis C, Adams E, Sakala WD, and Mafongoya PL (1997) Building soil phosphorus capital in Africa. In: Buresh RJ, Sanchez PA and Calhoun F (eds) Replenishing Soil Fertility in Africa, pp 151–192. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 51. SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI, USA Google Scholar
Giller KE and Wilson KJ (1991) Nitrogen Fixation In Tropical Cropping Systems. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 313 pp Google Scholar
Golley FB, McGinnis JT, Clements RG, Child GI and Duever MJ (1974) Mineral Cycling in a Tropical Moist Forest Ecosystem. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA Google Scholar
Gonzalez MA and Sauerbeck DR (1982) Decomposition of 14C labelled plant residues in different soils and climates of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Regional Colloquium on Soil Organic Matter Studies, Piracicaba, SP-Brazil, PROMOCET, Sao Paulo, pp 141–146. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Piracicaba, Brazil Google Scholar
Harcombe PA (1977) Soil nutrient loss as a factor in early tropical secondary succession in a humid tropical forest. Ecology 58: 1375–1383 Google Scholar
Hartemink AE, Buresh RJ, Jama B and Janssen BH (1996) Soil nitrate and water dynamics in sesbania fallows, weed fallows, and maize. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60: 568–574 Google Scholar
Jaffre T (1985) Composition minérale et stocks de bioéléments dans la biomasse épigée de recrus foresters en Cote d'Ivoire. Oecologica Plantarum 6: 233–246 Google Scholar
Jaiyebo EO and Moore AW (1964) Soil fertility and nutrient storage in different soil-vegetation systems in a tropical rainforest environment. Tropical Agriculture 41: 129–139 Google Scholar
Jama B, Buresh RJ, Ndufa JK and Shepherd KD (1998a) Vertical distribution of roots and soil nitrate: tree species and phosphorus effects. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 280–286 Google Scholar
Jama B, Buresh RJ and Place FM (1998b) Sesbania tree fallows on phosphorus-deficient sites: maize yield and financial benefit. Agronomy Journal 90: 717–726 Google Scholar
Jenkinson DS and Ayanaba A (1977) Decomposition of carbon-14 labelled plant materials under tropical conditions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 41: 912–915 Google Scholar
Jones MJ (1971) The maintenance of soil organic matter under continuous cultivation at Samaru, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge) 77: 473–482 Google Scholar
Jonsson K, Stahl L and Högberg P (1996) Tree fallows: a comparison between five tropical tree species. Biology and Fertility of Soils 23: 50–56 Google Scholar
Jordan CF (ed) (1989) An Amazonian Rain Forest. Man and the Biosphere Series Vol. 2. UNESCO and Parthenon Publishing, Paris, 176 pp Google Scholar
Jordan C, Caskey W, Escalante G, Herrera R, Montagnini F, Todd R and Uhl C (1983) Nitrogen dynamics during conversion of primary Amazonian rain forest to slash-and-burn agriculture. Oikos 40: 131–139 Google Scholar
Juo ASR, Franzluebbers K, Dabiri A and Ikhile B (1995) Changes in soil properties during long-term fallow and continuous cultivation after forest clearing in Nigeria. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 56: 9–18 Google Scholar
Juo ASR and Lal R (1977) The effect of fallow and continuous cultivation on the chemical and physical properties of an Alfisol in western Nigeria. Plant and Soil 47: 567–584 Article Google Scholar
Kass D and Somarriba E (1999) Traditional fallows in Latin America. Agroforestry Systems (this issue)
Kellman M (1980) Geographic patterning in tropical weed communities and early secondary successions. Biotropica, Tropical Succession Supplement: 34–39
Kleinman PJA, Bryant RB and Pimental D (1996) Assessing ecological sustainability of slash-and-burn agriculture through soil fertility indicators. Agronomy Journal 88: 122–127 Google Scholar
Kwesiga F, Buresh RJ and PL Mafongoya PL (1998) Tree species for short duration improved fallows in eastern Zambia, p 48. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA Google Scholar
Kwesiga F and Coe R (1994) The effect of short rotation Sesbania sesban planted fallows on maize yield. Forest Ecology and Management 64: 199–208 Article Google Scholar
Kwesiga FR, Franzel S, Place F, Phiri D and Simwanza CP (1999) Sesbania sesban improved fallows in eastern Zambia: their inception, development and farmer enthusiasm. Agroforestry Systems (this issue)
Kyuma K and Pairintra C (eds) (1983) Shifting Cultivation. An Experiment at Nam Phrom, Northeast Thailand and Its Implications for Upland Farming in the Monsoon Tropics. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 219 pp
Lajtha K and Harrison AF (1995) Strategies of phosphorus acquisition and conservation by plant species and communities. In: Tiessen H (ed) Phosphorus in the Global Environment. Transfers, Cycles, and Management, pp 139–147. Scope 54. John Wiley and Sons, New York Google Scholar
Lal R, Wilson GF and Okigbo BN (1978) No-till farming after various grasses and leguminous cover crops on a tropical Alfisol. 1. Crop performance. Field Crops Research 1: 71–84 Article Google Scholar
Lambert JDH and Arnason JT (1986) Nutrient dynamics in milpa agriculture and the role of weeds in initial stages of secondary vegetation in Belize, C. A. Plant and Soil 93: 303–322 Google Scholar
Larson WE, Clapp CE, Pierre WH and Morachan YB (1972) Effects of increasing amounts of organic residues on continuous corn. II. Organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Agronomy Journal 64: 204–208 Google Scholar
Lathwell DJ and Grove TL (1986) Soil-plant relationships in the tropics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 1–16 Article Google Scholar
Loomis RS (1984) Traditional agriculture in America. Annual Review Ecology and Systematics 15: 449–478 Article Google Scholar
Lopes AS and Cox FR (1977) A survey of the fertility status of surface soils under ‘Cerrados’ vegetation in Brazil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 41: 742–747 Google Scholar
Mafongoya PL and Dzowela B (1999) Biomass production of tree fallows and their residual effect on maize in Zimbabwe. Agroforestry Systems (this issue)
Mafongoya PL, Kwesiga F and Buresh RJ (1998) Nutrient availability following planted tree fallows and benefits to subsequent maize crops, p 48. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA Google Scholar
Maroko J, Buresh RJ and Smithson PC (1998) Soil nitrogen availability as affected by fallow-maize systems on two soils in Kenya. Biology and Fertility of Soils 26: 229–234 Article Google Scholar
Maroko J, Buresh RJ and Smithson PC (1999) Soil phosphorus fractions in unfertilized fallow-maize systems on two tropical soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal 63: 320–326 Google Scholar
Mazzarino MJ, Szott LT and Jimenez M (1993) Dynamics of soil total C and N, microbial biomass, and water soluble C in tropical agroecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 205–214 Article Google Scholar
Marschner H (1986) Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, London, UK, 674 pp Google Scholar
McGill WB and Cole CV (1981) Comparative aspects of cycling of organic C, N, S, and P through soil organic matter. Geoderma 26: 267–286 Article Google Scholar
Meijboom FW, Hassink J and van Noordwijk M (1995) Density fractionation of soil macroorganic matter using silica suspensions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 1109–1111 Article Google Scholar
Mekonnen K, Buresh RJ and Jama B (1997) Root and inorganic nitrogen distributions in sesbania fallow, natural fallow, and maize fields. Plant and Soil 188: 319–327 Article Google Scholar
Melendez G (1997) Transformaciones de carbono, nitrógeno, y fósforo del suelo en sistemas agroforestales, cultivos anuales, y bosque natural. MS thesis, Programa de Ciencias Agrícolas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica, 105 pp Google Scholar
Melendez G and Szott LT (1999) El barbecho y el funcionamiento biofísico del frijol tapado. In: Melendez G, Vernooy R and Briceño J (eds) El Frijol Tapado en Costa Rica. Fortelezas, Opciones, y Desafios, pp 159–184. International Development Research Centre (IDRC-Canada), Universidad de Costa Rica, and University of Guelph, San José, Costa Rica Google Scholar
Melendez G, Vernooy R and Briceño J (eds) (1999) El Frijol Tapado en Costa Rica. Fortelezas, Opciones, y Desafios. International Development Research Centre (IDRC-Canada), Universidad de Costa Rica, and University of Guelph, San José, Costa Rica, 260 pp Google Scholar
Miller HG (1984) Dynamics of nutrient cycling in plantation forests. In: Bowen GF and Nambiar EKS (eds). Nutrition of Plantation Forests, pp 53–78. Academic Press, London Google Scholar
Mobbs DC and Cannell MGR (1995) Optimal tree fallow rotations: some principles revealed by modelling. Agroforestry Systems 29: 113–132 Article Google Scholar
Moran, EF (1981) Developing the Amazon. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, USA 292 pp Google Scholar
Newton K (1960) Shifting cultivation and crop rotations in the tropics. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 81–11 Google Scholar
Nye PH and Greenland DJ (1960) The Soil Under Shifting Cultivation. Technical Communication 51. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Harpendon, UK, 156 pp Google Scholar
Nye PH and Hutton RG (1957) Some preliminary analyses of fallow and cover crops at the West African Institute for Oil Palm Research. Journal of the West African Institute for Oil Palm Research 2: 236–243 Google Scholar
Nye PH and Stephens D (1962) Soil fertility. In: Wills JB (ed) Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana, pp 127–143. Oxford University Press, London Google Scholar
Nye PH and Tinker PB (1977) Solute Movement in the Soil-Root System. Studies in Ecology Vol. 4. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA Google Scholar
Olsen RK and Francis CA (1995) A hierarchical framework for evaluating diversity in agroecosystems. In: Olsen R, Francis C and Kaffka S (eds) Exploring the Role of Diversity in Sustainable Agriculture, pp 5–34. ASA, CCSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA Google Scholar
Onim JFM, Mathuva M, Otieno K and Fitzhugh HA (1990) Soil fertility changes and response of maize and beans to green manures of leucaena, sesbania, and pigeonpea. Agroforestry Systems 12: 197–215 Article Google Scholar
Oorts K, Vanlauwe B, Sanginga N, and Merckx R (1999) Charge characteristics of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Luvisol. Agroforestry Systems (In press)
Padoch C and de Jong W (1995) Subsistence-and market-oriented agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon. In: Nishizawa E and Vitto J (eds) The Fragile Tropics of Latin America: Sustainable Management of Changing Environments, pp 226–237. United Nations University Press, Tokyo Google Scholar
Padwick GW (1983) Fifty years of Experimental Agriculture in the maintenance of soil fertility in tropical Africa: A review. Experimental Agriculture 19: 293–310 Google Scholar
Palm CA and Rowland AP (1997) Chemical characterization of plant quality for decomposition. In: Cadisch G and Giller KE (eds) Driven by Nature: Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition, pp 379–392. CAB International, Wallingford, UK Google Scholar
Palm CA, Swift MJ and Woomer PL (1996) Soil biological dynamics in slash-and-burn agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 58: 61–74 Google Scholar
Pandey HN and Singh RN (1987) Structure and function of early successional communities on an abandoned crop field at Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology 28: 92–100 Google Scholar
Parton WJ, Schimel DS, Cole CV and Ojima DS (1987) Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51: 1173–1179 Google Scholar
Pereira HC, Chenery EM and Mills WR (1954) The transient effects of grasses on the structure of tropical soils. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 22: 148–160 Google Scholar
Popenoe H (1957) The influence of the shifting cultivation cycle on soil properties in Central America. Pacific Science Congress Proceedings 9: 72–77 Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan PS (1992) Shifting Agriculture and Sustainable Development of North-Eastern India. UNESCO-MAB/Parthenon Publications, Paris, France and Carnforth, UK Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan PS and Toky OP (1981) Soil nutrient status of hill agro-ecosystems and recovery pattern after slash and burn agriculture (jhum), in north-eastern India. Plant and Soil 60: 41–64 Google Scholar
Roder W, Phengchanh S and Keoboulapha B (1995) Relationships between soil, fallow period, weeds and rice yields in slash-and-burn systems of Laos. Plant and Soil 176: 27–36 Article Google Scholar
Ruthenberg H (1980) Farming Systems in the Tropics, 3rd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 424 pp Google Scholar
Sabhasri S (1978) Effects of forest fallow cultivation on forest production and soil. In: Kundstadter P, Chapman EC and Sabhasri S (eds) Farmers in the Forest: Economic Development and Marginal Agriculture in Northern Thailand, pp 160–184. East-West Population Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Google Scholar
Sanchez PA (1976) Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. Wiley, New York, 619 pp Google Scholar
Sanginga N, Vanlauwe B and Danso SKA (1995) Management of biological N2 fixation in alley cropping systems: Estimation and contribution to N balance. Plant and Soil 174: 119–141 Article Google Scholar
Schroth G, Kolbe D, Pity B and Zech W (1995) Searching for criteria for the selection of efficient tree species for fallow improvement, with special reference to carbon and nitrogen. Fertilizer Research 42: 297–314 Article Google Scholar
Scott G (1977) The importance of old-field succession biomass increments to shifting cultivation. Great Plains-Rocky Mountain Geographic Journal 6: 318–327 Google Scholar
Snedaker SC (1980) Successional immobilization of nutrients and biologically mediated recycling in tropical forests. Biotropica, Tropical Succession Supplement: 16–22
Stewart JWB and Tiessen H (1988) Dynamics of soil organic phosphorus. Biogeochemistry 4: 41–60 Article Google Scholar
Swamy PS and Ramakrishnan PS (1987) Contribution of Mikania micrantha during secondary succession following slash-and-burn agriculture (jhum) in north-east India. I. Biomass, litterfall and productivity. Forest Ecology and Management 22: 229–237 Article Google Scholar
Swift MJ and Anderson JM (1993) Biodiversity and ecosystem function in agricultural systems. In: Schulze ED and Mooney HA (eds) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, pp 15–41. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Google Scholar
Swift MJ, Vandermeer JV, Ramakrishnan PS, Anderson JM, Ong C and Hawkins B (1996) Biodiversity and agroecosystem function. In: Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Dirzo R and Sala OE (eds) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Global Diversity Assessment, pp 433–443. Cambridge University Press, UK Google Scholar
Swinkels RA, Franzel S, Shepherd KD, Ohlsson E and Ndufa JK (1997) The economics of short rotation improved fallows: evidence from areas of high population density in western Kenya. Agricultural Systems 55: 99–121 Article Google Scholar
Szott LT, Fernandes ECM and Sanchez PA (1991) Soil-plant interactions in agroforestry systems. Forest Ecology and Management 45: 127–152 Article Google Scholar
Szott LT and Palm CA (1996) Nutrient stocks in managed and natural humid tropical fallows. Plant and Soil 186: 293–309 Google Scholar
Szott LT, Palm CA and Davey CB (1994) Biomass and litter accumulation under managed and natural tropical fallows. Forest Ecology and Management 67: 177–190 Article Google Scholar
Szott LT, Palm CA and Melendez G (1989) Effects of five years of managed fallows on N mineralization and crop production on an acid, humid tropical Ultisol, p 50. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA Google Scholar
Thomas GW and Hargrove WL (1984) The chemistry of soil acidity. In: Adams F (ed) Soil Acidity and Liming, 2nd ed, pp 3–56. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA Google Scholar
Tiessen H, Salcedo IH and Sampaio EVSB (1992) Nutrient and soil organic matter dynamics under shifting cultivation in semi-arid northeastern Brazil. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 38: 139–151 Google Scholar
Toky OP and Ramakrishnan PS (1983) Secondary succession following slash and burn agriculture in north-eastern India. II. Nutrient cycling. Journal of Ecology 71: 747–757 Google Scholar
Torquebiau EF and Kwesiga F (1996) Root development in a Sesbania sesban fallow-maize system in Eastern Zambia. Agroforestry Systems 34: 193–211 Article Google Scholar
Trenbath BR (1989) The use of mathematical models in the development of shifting cultivation. In: Proctor J (ed) Mineral Nutrients in Tropical Forest and Savanna Ecosystems, pp 353–369. Blackwell, Oxford, UK Google Scholar
Uhl C (1982) Recovery following disturbance of different intensities in the Amazon rainforest of Venezuela. Interciencia 7: 19–24 Google Scholar
Uhl C (1987) Factors controlling succession following slash-and-burn agriculture in Amazonia. Journal of Ecology 75: 377–407 Google Scholar
Uhl C, Clark H and Clark K (1982a) Successional patterns associated with slash-and-burn agriculture in the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon basin. Biotropica 14: 249–254 Google Scholar
Uhl C, Clark H and Murphy P (1981) Early plant succession after cutting and burning in the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon basin. Journal of Ecology 69: 631–649 Google Scholar
Uhl C, Jordan C, Clark K, Clark H and Herrera R (1982b) Ecosystem recovery in Amazon caatinga forest after cutting, cutting and burning, and bulldozer clearing treatments. Oikos 38: 313–320 Google Scholar
Unruh JD (1988) Ecological aspects of site recovery under swidden-fallow management in the Peruvian Amazon. Agroforestry Systems 7: 161–184 Article Google Scholar
van Noordwijk M (1989) Rooting depth in cropping systems in the humid tropics in relation to nutrient use efficiency. In: van der Heide J (ed) Nutrient Management for Food Crop Production in Tropical Farming Systems, pp 129–144. Institute for Soil Fertility, Haren, The Netherlands Google Scholar
van Noordwijk M (1999) Productivity of intensified crop-fallow rotations in the Trenbath model. Agroforestry Systems (this issue)
Van Noordwijk M, Lawson G, Groot JJR, Hairiah K (1996) Root distribution in relation to nutrients and competition. In: Ong CK and Huxley PA (eds) Tree-Crop Interactions — a Physiological Approach, pp 319–364. CAB International, Wallingford, UK Google Scholar
van Reuler H and Janssen BH (1993) Nutrient fluxes in the shifting cultivation system of southwest Cote d'Ivoire. Plant and Soil 154: 169–177 Article Google Scholar
Vine H (1953) Experiments on the maintenance of soil fertility at Ibadan, Nigeria, 1922–1951. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 21: 65–85 Google Scholar
Vitousek PM (1984) Litterfall, nutrient cycling, and nutrient limitation in tropical forests. Ecology 65: 285–298 Google Scholar
Vitousek PM and Sanford RL (1986) Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 137–167 Article Google Scholar
Wadsworth G, Reisenauer HM, Gordon DR and Singer MJ (1990) Effects of length of forest fallow on fertility dynamics in a Mexican Ultisol. Plant and Soil 122: 151–156 Google Scholar
Webb LJ, Tracey JG and Williams WT (1972) Regeneration and pattern in subtropical rain forest. Journal of Ecology 60: 675–695 Google Scholar
Woomer PL, Martin A, Albrecht A, Resck DVS and Scharpenseel, HW (1994) The importance and management of soil organic matter in the tropics. In: Woomer PL and Swift MJ (eds) The Biological Management of Tropical Soil Fertility, pp 47–80. Wiley and Sons, UK Google Scholar
Zinke PJ, Sabhasri S and Kundstadter P (1978) Soil fertility aspects of the Lua forest fallow system of shifting cultivation. In: Kundstadter P, Chapman EC and Sabhasri S (eds) Farmers in the Forest: Economic Development and Marginal Agriculture in Northern Thailand, pp 134–159. East-West Population Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Google Scholar