Angiogenesis in brain tumors; pathobiological and clinical aspects (original) (raw)
References
Folkman J: What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 4–6, 1990 Google Scholar
Díaz Flores L, Gutiérrez R, Varela H: Angiogenesis: an update. Histol Histopathol 9: 807–843, 1994 Google Scholar
Weidner N: Intratumor microvessel density as a prognostic factor in cancer. Am J Pathol 147: 9–19, 1995 Google Scholar
Folkman J: Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N Engl J Med 333: 1757–1763, 1995 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Brem S, Cotran R, Folkman J: Tumor angiogenesis: a quantitative method for histologic grading. J Natl Cancer Inst 48: 347–356, 1972 Google Scholar
Folkman J: Anti-angiogenesis: new concept for therapy of solid tumors. Ann Surg 175: 409–416, 1972 PubMed Google Scholar
Brem SS, Zagzag D, Tsanaclis AMC, Gately S, Elkouby MP, Brien SE: Inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth in the brain; suppression of endothelial cell turnover by penicillamine and the depletion of copper, an angiogenic cofactor. Am J Pathol 137: 1121–1142, 1990 Google Scholar
Burger PC, Scheithauer BW: Tumors of the central nervous system. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, 3rd series, fascicle 10, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, 1994 Google Scholar
Daumas-Duport C, Scheithauer B, O'Fallon J, Kelly P: Grading of astrocytomas; a simple and reproducible method. Cancer 62: 2152–2165, 1988 Google Scholar
Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS, Ferrara N: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Nature 362: 841–844, 1993 Google Scholar
Takamiya Y, Brem H, Ojeifo J, Mineta T, Martuza RL: AGM-1470 inhibits the growth of human glioblastoma cells _in vitro_and in vivo. Neurosurgery 34: 869–875, 1994 PubMed Google Scholar
Stan AC, Nemati MN, Pietsch T, Walter GF, Dietz H: _In vivo_inhibition of angiogenesis and growth of the human U-87 malignant glial tumor by treatment with an antibody against basic fibroblast growth factor. J Neurosurg 82: 1044–1052, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Folkman J: Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nature Med 1: 27–31, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Algire GH, Chalkley HW, Legallais FY, Park HD: Vascular reactions of normal and malignant tissues in vivo. I. Vascular reactions of mice to wounds and to normal and neoplastic transplants. J Natl Cancer Inst 6: 73–85, 1945 Google Scholar
Folkman J: Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 285: 1182–1186, 1971 PubMed Google Scholar
Ausprunk DH, Folkman J: Migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in preformed and newly formed blood vessels during tumor angiogenesis. Microvasc Res 14: 53–65, 1977 Google Scholar
Senger DR: Molecular framework for angiogenesis; a complex web of interactions between extravasated plasma proteins and endothelial cell proteins induced by angiogenic cytokines. Am J Pathol 149: 1–7, 1996 Google Scholar
Klagsbrun M, Dluz S: Smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell growth factors. Trends Cardiovasc Med 3: 213–217, 1993 Article Google Scholar
Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E: Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxiainitiated angiogenesis. Nature 359: 843–845, 1992 Article Google Scholar
Thomas KA: Vascular endothelial growth factor, a potent and selective angiogenic agent. J Biol Chem 271: 603–606, 1996 Google Scholar
Liotta LA, Steeg PS, Stetler-Stevenson WG: Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cell 64: 327–336, 1991 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Davis GE, Camarillo CW: Regulation of endothelial cell morphogenesis by integrins, mechanical forces, and matrix guidance pathways. Exp Cell Res 216: 113–123, 1995 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Vernon RB, Sage EH: Between molecules and morphology; extracellular matrix and creation of vascular form. Am J Pathol 147: 873–883, 1995 Google Scholar
Carey DJ: Control of growth and differentiation of vascular cells by extracellular matrix proteins. Annu Rev Physiol 53: 161–177, 1991 Article Google Scholar
Friedlander M, Brooks PC, Shaffer RW, Kincaid CM, Varner JA, Cheresh DA: Definition of two angiogenic pathways by distinct ?v integrins. Science 270: 1500–1502, 1995 Google Scholar
Mignatti P, Rifkin DB: Biology and biochemistry of proteinases in tumor invasion. Physiol Rev 73: 161–195, 1993 PubMed Google Scholar
Schlingemann RO, Rietveld FJR, De Waal RMW, Ferrone S, Ruiter DJ: Expression of the high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen by pericytes during angiogenesis in tumors and in healing wounds. Am J Pathol 136: 1393–1405, 1990 Google Scholar
Schlingemann RO, Rietveld FJR, Kwaspen F, Van de Kerkhof PCM, De Waal RMW, Ruiter DJ: Differential expression of markers for endothelial cells, pericytes, and basal lamina in the microvasculature of tumors and granulation tissue. Am J Pathol 138: 1335–1347, 1991 PubMed Google Scholar
Haddad SF, Moore SA, Schelper RL, Goeken JA: Vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia underlies the formation of glomeruloid vascular structures of glioblastoma multiforme. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 51: 488–492, 1992 PubMed Google Scholar
Wesseling P, Vandersteenhoven JJ, Downey BT, Ruiter DJ, Burger PC: Cellular components of microvascular proliferation in human glial and metastatic neoplasms; a light microscopic and immunohistochemical study of formalin-fixed, routinely processed material. Acta Neuropathol 85: 508–514, 1993 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Wesseling P, Schlingemann RO, Rietveld FJR, Link M, Burger PC, Ruiter DJ: Early and extensive contribution of pericytes/vascular smooth muscle cells to microvascular proliferation in glioblastoma multiforme; an immuno-light and immuno-electron microscopic study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54: 304–310, 1995 Google Scholar
Nehls V, Schuchardt E, Drenckhahn D: The effect of fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, and pericytes on sprout formation of endothelial cells in a fibrin gel angiogenesis system. Microvasc Res 48: 349–363, 1994 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Nicosia RF, Villaschi S: Rat aortic smooth muscle cells become pericytes during angiogenesis in vitro. Lab Invest 73: 658–666, 1995 Google Scholar
Orlidge A, D'Amore PA: Inhibition of capillary endothelial cell growth by pericytes and smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biol 105: 1455–1462, 1987 Google Scholar
Antonelli-Orlidge A, Saunders KB, Smith SR, D'Amore PA: An activated form of transforming growth factor ??is produced by cocultures of endothelial cells and pericytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 4544–4548, 1989 Google Scholar
Sato Y, Rifkin DB: Inhibition of endothelial cell movement by pericytes and smooth muscle cells: Activation of a latent transforming growth factor-?1-like molecule by plasmin during co-culture. J Cell Biol 109: 309–315, 1989 PubMed Google Scholar
Nomura M, Yamagishi S, Harada S, Hayashi Y, Yamashima T, Yamashita J, Yamamoto H: Possible participation of autocrine and paracrine vascular endothelial growth factors in hypoxia-induced proliferation of endothelial cells and pericytes. J Biol Chem 270: 28316–28324, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Skalli O, Pelte MF, Peclet MC, Gabbiani G, Gugliotta P, Bussolati G, Ravazzola M, Orci L: ?-Smooth muscle actin, a differentiation marker of smooth muscle cells, is present in microfilamentous bundles of pericytes. J Histochem Cytochem 37: 315–321, 1989 Google Scholar
Verbeek MM, Otte-Höller I, Wesseling P, Ruiter DJ, De Waal RMW: Induction of ?-smooth muscle actin expression in cultured human brain pericytes by transforming growth factor-?1. Am J Pathol 144: 372–382, 1994 Google Scholar
Schlingemann RO, Oosterwijk E, Wesseling P, Rietveld FJR, Ruiter DJ: Aminopeptidase-A is a constituent of activated pericytes in angiogenesis. J Pathol 179: 436–442, 1996 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW: Histological typing of tumours of the central nervous system. 2nd Ed. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1993 Google Scholar
Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW: The new WHO classification of brain tumours. Brain Pathol 3: 255–268, 1993 PubMed Google Scholar
Aho R, Ekfors T, Haltia M, Kalimo H: Pathogenesis of primary central nervous system lymphoma: invasion of malignant lymphoid cells into and within the brain parenchyme. Acta Neuropathol 86: 71–76, 1993 Google Scholar
Scherer H: The forms of growth in gliomas and their practical significance. Brain 63: 1–35, 1940 Google Scholar
Kelly PJ, Daumas-Duport C, Kispert DB, Kall BA, Scheithauer BW, Illig JJ: Imaging-based stereotaxic serial biopsies in untreated intracranial glial neoplasms. J Neurosurg 66: 865–874, 1987 Google Scholar
Burger PC, Heinz ER, Shibata T, Kleihues P: Topographic anatomy and CT correlations in the untreated glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 68: 698–704, 1988 PubMed Google Scholar
Watanabe M, Tanaka R, Takeda N: Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology of cerebral gliomas. Neuroradiol 34: 463–469, 1992 Google Scholar
Tovi M: MR imaging in cerebral gliomas; analysis of tumour tissue components. Acta Radiol 384: 1–24, 1993 Google Scholar
Friedlander DR, Zagzag D, Shiff B, Cohen H, Allen JC, Kelly PJ, Grumet M: Migration of brain tumor cells on extracellular matrix proteins _in vitro_correlates with tumor type and grade and involves ?v and ?1 integrins. Cancer Res 56: 1939–1947, 1996 Google Scholar
Rutka JT, Apodaca G, Stern R, Rosenblum M: The extracellular matrix of the central and peripheral nervous systems: structure and function. J Neurosurg 69: 155–170, 1988 Google Scholar
Pilkington GJ: Tumour cell migration in the central nervous system. Brain Pathol 4: 157–166, 1994 PubMed Google Scholar
Frank S, Rihs H, Stöcker W, Müller J, Dumont B, Baur X, Schackert HK, Schackert G: Combined detection of CD44 isoforms by exon-specific RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in primary human brain tumors and brain metastases. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 222: 794–801, 1996 Google Scholar
Ariza A, López D, Mate JL, Isamat M, Musulén E, Pujol M, Ley A, Navas-Palacios JJ: Role of CD44 in the invasiveness of glioblastoma multiforme and the noninvasiveness of meningioma: an immunohistochemistry study. Hum Pathol 26: 1144–1147, 1995 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Tooth HH: Some observations on the growth and survival-period of intracranial tumours, based on the records of 500 cases, with special reference to the pathology of the gliomata. Brain 35: 61–108, 1912 Google Scholar
Gaudin PB, Rosai J: Florid vascular proliferation associated with neural and neuroendocrine neoplasms; a diagnostic clue and potential pitfall. Am J Surg Pathol 19: 642–652, 1995 Google Scholar
Barker II FG, Davis RL, Chang SM, Prados MD: Necrosis as a prognostic factor in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer 77: 1161–1166, 1996 Article Google Scholar
Burger PC, Scheithauer BW, Vogel FS: Surgical pathology of the nervous system and its coverings. 3rd Ed. Churchill Livingstone Inc., New York, 1991 Google Scholar
Feigin I, Allen LB, Lipkin L, Gross SW: The endothelial hyperplasia of the cerebral blood vessels with brain tumors, and its sarcomatous transformation. Cancer 11: 264–277, 1958 PubMed Google Scholar
McComb RD, Bigner DD: The biology of malignant gliomas–a comprehensive survey. Clin Neuropathol 3: 93–106, 1984 PubMed Google Scholar
Rønnov-Jessen L, Petersen OW, Koteliansky VE, Bissell MJ: The origin of th myofibroblasts in breast cancer; recapitulation of tumor environment in culture unravels diversity and implicates converted fibroblasts and recruited smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 95: 859–873, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Rønnov-Jessen L, Petersen OW, Bissell MJ: Cellular changes involved in conversion of normal to malignant breast: importance of the stromal reaction. Physiol Rev 76: 69–125, 1996 Google Scholar
Haddad SF, Moore SA, Schelper RL, Goeken JA: Smooth muscle can comprise the sarcomatous component of gliosarcomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 51: 493–498, 1992 PubMed Google Scholar
Paulus W, Bayas A, Ott G, Roggendorf W: Interphase cytogenetics of glioblastoma and gliosarcoma. Acta Neuropathol 88: 420–425, 1994 Google Scholar
Biernat W, Aguzzi A, Sure U, Grant JW, Kleihues P, Hegi ME: Identical mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in the gliomatous and the sarcomatous components of gliosarcomas suggest a common origin from glial cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54: 651–656, 1995 Google Scholar
Plate KH, Breier G, Risau W: Molecular mechanisms of developmental and tumor angiogenesis. Brain Pathol 4: 207–218, 1994 Google Scholar
Zagzag D: Angiogenic growth factors in neural embryogenesis and neoplasia. Am J Pathol 146: 293–309, 1995 Google Scholar
Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA, Mennel HD, Risau W: Vascular endothelial growth factor and glioma angiogenesis: coordinate induction of VEGF receptors, distribution of VEGF protein and possible _in vivo_regulatory mechanisms. Int J Cancer 59: 520–529, 1994 Google Scholar
Hatva E, Böhling T, Jääskeläinen J, Persico MG, Haltia M, Alitalo K: Vascular growth factors and receptors in capillary hemangioblastomas and hemangiopericytomas. Am J Pathol 148: 763–775, 1996 Google Scholar
Böhling T, Hatva E, Kujala M, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K, Haltia M: Expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors in capillary hemangioblastoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55: 522–527, 1996 Google Scholar
Vaupel P, Kallinowski F, Okunieff P: Blood flow, oxygen and nutrient supply, and metabolic microenvironment of human tumors: a review. Cancer Res 49: 6449–6465, 1989 Google Scholar
Sundberg C, Ljungström M, Lindmark G, Gerdin B, Rubin K: Microvascular pericytes express platelet-derived growth factor-??receptors in human healing wounds and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 143: 1377–1388, 1993 Google Scholar
Weller RO, Davis BE, Wilson POG, Mitchell J: Capillary proliferation in cerebral infarction, gliomas, angioblastic meningiomas, and hemangioblastomas. In: Cervós-Navarro J, Fritschka E (eds) Cerebral Microcirculation and Metabolism. Raven Press, New York 41–48, 1981 Google Scholar
Luthert PJ, Lantos PL: A morphometric study of the microvasculature of a rat glioma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 11: 461–473, 1985 PubMed Google Scholar
Kepes JJ; Vascular proliferation. Am J Surg Pathol 20: 384–386, 1996 (Letter) Google Scholar
Paulus W, Bauer I, Schuppan D, Roggendorf W: Characterization of integrin receptors in normal and neoplastic human brain. Am J Pathol 143: 154–163, 1993 Google Scholar
Gladson CL, Cheresh DA: Glioblastoma expression of vitronectin and the ?v?3 integrin; adhesion mechanism for transformed glial cells. J Clin Invest 88: 1924–1932, 1991 Google Scholar
Gingras MC, Roussel E, Bruner JM, Branch CD, Moser RP: Comparison of cell adhesion molecule expression between glioblastoma multiforme and autologus normal brain tissue. J Neuroimmunol 57: 143–153, 1995 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Yamamoto M, Sawaya R, Mohanam S, Bindal AK, Bruner JM, Oka K, Rao VH, Tomonaga M, Nicolson GL, Rao JS: Expression and localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in human astrocytomas in vivo. Cancer Res 54: 3656–3661, 1994 Google Scholar
Yamamoto M, Sawaya R, Mohanam S, Rao VH, Bruner JM, Nicolson GL, Rao JS: Expression and localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in human gliomas. Cancer Res 54: 5015–5020, 1994 Google Scholar
Sivaparvathi M, Sawaya R, Wang SW, Rayford A, Yamamoto M, Liotta LA, Nicolson GL, Rao JS: Overexpression and localization of cathepsin B during the progression of human gliomas. Clin Exp Metastasis 13: 49–56, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Mikkelsen T, Yan P, Ho K, Sameni M, Sloane BF, Rosenblum ML: Immunolocalization of cathepsin B in human glioma: implications for tumor invasion and angiogenesis. J Neurosurg 83: 285–290, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Seitz RJ, Wechsler W: Vascularization in human cerebral gliomas: a lectin-cytochemical and morphometric study. In: Walker MD, Thomas DGT (eds) Biology of Brain Tumour. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston 131–137, 1986 Google Scholar
Wesseling P, Van der Laak JAWM, De Leeuw H, Ruiter DJ, Burger PC: Quantitative immunohistological analysis of the microvasculature in untreated human glioblastoma multiforme; computer-assisted image analysis on whole tumor sections. J Neurosurg 81: 902–909, 1994 Google Scholar
Wesseling P, Van der Laak JAWM, Link M, Methorst AJ, Teepen HLJM, Ruiter DJ: Quantitative analysis of microvascular changes during malignant progression in astrocytic neoplasms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55: 607, 1996 (Abstract) Google Scholar
Chintala SK, Sawaya R, Gokaslan ZL, Fuller G, Rao JS: Immunohistochemical localization of extracellular matrix proteins in human glioma, both _in vivo_and in vitro. Cancer Lett 101: 107–114, 1996 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Higuchi M, Ohnishi T, Arita N, Hiraga S, Hayakawa T: Expression of tenascin in human gliomas: its relation to histological malignancy, tumor dedifferentiation and angiogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 85: 481–487, 1993 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Zagzag D, Friedlander DR, Miller DC, Dosik J, Cangiarella J, Kostianovsky M, Cohen H, Grumet M, Greco MA: Tenascin expression in astrocytomas correlates with angiogenesis. Cancer Res 55: 907–914, 1995 Google Scholar
Saitoh Y, Kuratsu J, Takeshima H, Yamamoto S, Ushio Y: Expression of osteopontin in human glioma; its correlation with the malignancy. Lab Invest 72: 55–63, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Thompson WD, Shiach KJ, Fraser RA, McIntosh LC, Simpson JG: Tumours acquire their vasculature by vessel incorporation, not vessel ingrowth. J Pathol 151: 323–332, 1987 Google Scholar
Leon SP, Folkerth RD, Black PM: Microvessel density is a prognostic indicator for patients with astroglial brain tumors. Cancer 77: 362–372, 1996 Article Google Scholar
Li VW, Folkerth RD, Watanabe H, Yu C, Rupnick M, Barnes P, Scott RM, Black PM, Sallan SE, Folkman J: Microvessel count and cerebrospinal fluid basic fibroblast growth factor in children with brain tumours. Lancet 344: 82–86, 1994 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Schiffer D, Chiò A, Giordana MT, Mauro A, Migheli A, Vigliani MC: The vascular response to tumor infiltration in malignant gliomas; morphometric and reconstruction study. Acta Neuropathol 77: 369–378, 1989 Google Scholar
Jain RK: Determinants of tumor blood flow: a review. Cancer Res 48: 2641–2658, 1988 PubMed Google Scholar
Goldman CK, Kim J, Wong WL, King V, Brock T, Gillespie GY: Epidermal growth factor stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor production by human malignant glioma cells: A model of glioblastoma multiforme pathophysiology. Mol Biol Cell 4: 121–133, 1993 PubMed Google Scholar
Schiffer D: Blood vessel architecture and angiogenesis in gliomas. In: Schiffer D (ed) Brain Tumors; Pathology and its Biological Correlates. Springer Verlag, Berlin 148–152, 1993 Google Scholar
Bernsen HJJA, Rijken PFJW, Oostendorp T, Van der Kogel AJ: Vascularity and perfusion of human gliomas xenografted in the athymic nude mouse. Br J Cancer 71: 721–726, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Huang P, Allam A, Taghian A, Freeman J, Duffy M, Suit HD: Growth and metastatic behavior of five human glioblastomas compared with nine other histological types of human tumor xenografts in SCID mice. J Neurosurg 83: 308–315, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Lund-Johansen M, Engebraaten O, Bjerkvig R, Laerum OD: Invasive glioma cells in tissue culture. Anticancer Res 10: 1135–1151, 1990 PubMed Google Scholar
Li H, Hamou M, De Tribolet N, Jaufeerally R, Hofmann M, Diserens AC, Van Meir EG: Variant CD44 adhesion molecules are expressed in human brain metastases but not in glioblastomas. Cancer Res 53: 5345–5349, 1993 PubMed Google Scholar
Martin K, Akinwunmi J, Rooprai HK, Kennedy AJ, Linke A, Ognjenovic N, Pilkington GJ: Nonexpression of CD15 by neoplastic glia: a barrier to metastasis? Anticancer Res 15: 1159–1165, 1995 PubMed Google Scholar
Holmgren L, O'Reilly MS, Folkman J: Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nature Med 1: 149–153, 1995 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Denekamp J: Endothelial cell proliferation as a novel approach to targeting tumour therapy. Br J Cancer 45: 136–139, 1982 PubMed Google Scholar
Auerbach W, Auerbach R: Angiogenesis inhibition: a review. Pharmac Ther 63: 265–311, 1994 Article Google Scholar
Baillie CT, Winslet MC, Bradley NJ: Tumour vasculature–a potential therapeutic target. Br J Cancer 72: 257–267, 1995 Google Scholar
Criscuolo GR: The genesis of peritumoral vasogenic brain edema and tumor cysts: a hypothetical role for tumor-derived vascular permeability factor. Yale J Biol Med 66: 277–314, 1993 PubMed Google Scholar
Plate KH, Mennel HD: Vascular morphology and angiogenesis in glial tumors. Exp Toxic Pathol 47: 89–94, 1995 Google Scholar
Bernstein JJ, Goldberg WJ, Laws Jr ER: Human malignant astrocytoma xenografts migrate in rat brain: a model for central nervous system cancer research. J Neurosci Res 22: 134–143, 1989 PubMed Google Scholar
Pedersen PH, Marienhagen K, Mørk S, Bjerkvig R: Migratory pattern of fetal rat brain cells and human glioma cells in the adult rat brain. Cancer Res 53: 5158–5165, 1993 PubMed Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, Van Huijzen C: The human central nervous system; a synopsis and atlas. 3rd Ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988 Google Scholar
Burger PC, Kleihues P: Cytologic composition of the untreated glioblastoma with implications for evaluation of needle biopsies. Cancer 63: 2014–2023, 1989 Google Scholar