Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of the Indiana University Rat Lines Selectively Bred for High and Low Alcohol Preference (original) (raw)
REFERENCES
Ahtee, L., and Eriksson, K. (1972). 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid content in brain of rat strains selected for their alcohol intake. Physiol. Behav.8:123–126. PubMed Google Scholar
Ahtee, L., and Eriksson, K. (1973). Regional distribution of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat strains selected for their alcohol intake. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.215:126–134. PubMed Google Scholar
Ait-Daoud, N., Johnson, B. A., Javors, M., Roache, J. D., and Zanca, N. A. (2001). Combining ondansetron and naltrexone treats biological alcoholics: Corroboration of self-reported drinking by serum carbohydrate deficient transferrin, a biomarker. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:847–849. PubMed Google Scholar
Andrucci, G. L., Archer, R. P., Pancoast, D. L., and Gordon, R. A. (1989). The relationship of MMPI and sensation seeking scales to adolescent drug use. J. Pers. Assess.53:253–266. PubMed Google Scholar
Badia-Elder, N. E., Mosemiller, A. K., Elder, R. L., and Froehlich, J. C. (1999b). Naloxone retards the expression of a genetic predisposition toward alcohol drinking. Psychoparmacology144:205–212. Google Scholar
Badia-Elder, N. E., Stewart, R. B., Powrozek, T. A., Murphy, J. M., and Li, T.-K. (2000). Effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on ethanol intake and anxiety in high and low alcohol drinking (HAD1/LAD1) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:82A (Abstract). Google Scholar
Badia-Elder, N. E., Stewart, R. B., Powrozek, T. A., Roy, K. F., Murphy, J. M., and Li, T.-K. (2001). Effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on oral ethanol intake in Wistar, alcohol preferring (P), and-nonpreferring (NP) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:386–390. PubMed Google Scholar
Badia-Elder, N. E., Stewart, R. B., Powrozek, T. A., Woods, J. E., II, Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1999a). Ethanolinduced conditioned taste aversion in high alcohol drinking (HAD) and low alcohol drinking (LAD) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.23:104A (Abstract). Google Scholar
Badia-Elder, N. E., Stewart, R. B., Roy, K. F., Kennedy, M. J., Murphy, J. M., and Li, T.-K. (2001). Effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on ethanol-induced sleep time in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:15A (Abstract). Google Scholar
Badishtov, B. A., Overstreet, D. H., Kashevskaya, O. P., Viglinskaya, I. V., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Seredenin, S. B., and Halikas, J. A. (1995). To drink or not to drink: Open field behavior in alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rat strains. Physiol. Behav.57:585–589. PubMed Google Scholar
Basten, C. J., Weir, B. S., and Zeng, Z.-B. (1994). Zmap-a QTL cartographer. In Smith, C., Gavora, J. S., Benkel, B., Chesnais, J., Fairfull, W., Gibson, J. P., Kennedy, B. W., and Burnside, E. B. (eds.) Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production: Computing Strategies and Software, Vol. 22, the Organizing Committee 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, pp. 65–66.
Begleiter, H., and Porjesz, B. (1999). What is inherited in the predisposition toward alcoholism? A proposed model. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.23:1125–1135. PubMed Google Scholar
Belknap, J. K., Crabbe, J. C., and Young, E. R. (1993). Voluntary consumption of ethanol in 15 inbred mouse strains. Psychopharmacology112:503–510. PubMed Google Scholar
Belknap, J. K., Richards, S. P., O'Toole, L. A., Helms, M. L., and Phillips, T. J. (1997). Short-term selective breeding as a tool for QTL mapping: Ethanol preference drinking in mice. Behav. Genet.27:55–66. PubMed Google Scholar
Bell, R. L., Rodd-Henricks, Z. A., Webster, A. A., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., McBride, W. J., and Murphy, J. M. (in press). Heart rate and motor activating effects of orally self-administered ethanol in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. (in press).
Bell, R. L., Stewart, R. B., Woods, J. E., II, Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., Murphy, J. M., and McBride, W. J. (2001). Responsivity and development of tolerance to the motor impairing effects of moderate doses of ethanol in alcohol-preferring (P) and-nonpreferring (NP) rat lines. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:644–650. PubMed Google Scholar
Bice, P. J., and Kiefer, S. W. (1990). Taste reactivity in alcohol preferring and non-preferring rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.14:721–727. PubMed Google Scholar
Bice, P., Foroud, T., Bo, R., Castelluccio, P., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Carr, L. G. (1998). Genomic screen for QTLs underlying alcohol consumption in the P and NP rat lines. Mammal. Genome9:949–955. Google Scholar
Bice, P., Foroud, T., Castelluccio, P., Bo, R., Ritchotte, A., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Carr, L. (2000). Identification of QTLs influencing saccharin consumption in the high-and low-alcohol drinking rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24(Suppl):532. Google Scholar
Blankenship, M. R., Finn, P. R., and Steinmetz, J. E. (1998). A characterization of approach and avoidance learning in alcoholpreferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:1227–1233. PubMed Google Scholar
Caberlotto, L., Thorsell, A., Rimondini, R., Sommer, W., Hyytia, P., and Heilig, M. (2001). Differential expression of NPY and its receptors in alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:1564–1569. PubMed Google Scholar
Calapai, G., Mazzaglia, G., Sautebin, L., Costantino, G., Marciano, M. C., Cuzzocrea, S., Di Rosa, M., and Caputi, A. P. (1996). Inhibition of nitric oxide formation reduces voluntary ethanol consumption in the rat. Psychopharmacology125:398–401. PubMed Google Scholar
Cappell, H., and Herman, C. P. (1972). Alcohol and tension reduction: A review. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol33:33–64. PubMed Google Scholar
Carr, L. G., Foroud, T., Bice, P., Gobbett, T., Ivashina, J., Edenberg, H., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1998). Mapping of a quantitive locus for alcohol consumption in selectively bred rat lines. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:884–887. PubMed Google Scholar
Casu, M. A., Colombo, G., Gessa, G. L., and Pani, L. (2002). Reduced TH-immunoreactive fibers in the limbic system of Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Brain Res.924:242–251. PubMed Google Scholar
Chester, J. A., Price, C. S., and Froehlich, J. C. (2002). Inverse genetic association between alcohol preference and severity of alcohol withdrawal in two sets of rat lines selected for the same phenotype. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.26:19–27. PubMed Google Scholar
Ciccocioppo, R., Ge, J., Barnes, N. M., and Cooper, S. J. (1998). Central 5-HT3 receptors in P and in AA alcohol-preferring rats: An autoradiographic study. Brain Res. Bull.46:311–315. PubMed Google Scholar
Ciccocioppo, R., Angeletti, S., Colombo, G., Gessa, G. L., and Massi, M. (1999). Autoradiographic analysis of 5-HT2A binding sites in the brain of Sardinian alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol.373:13–19. PubMed Google Scholar
Cicero, T. J. (1979). A critique of animal analogs of alcoholism. In Majchrowich, E., and Noble, E. P. (eds.), Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Ethanol, Vol. 2,Plenum Press, New York, pp. 533–560. Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R. (1996). Assessment of the impulsive-compulsive spectrum of behavior by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. In Oldham, J. M., Hollander, E., and Skodol A. E. (eds.), Impulsivity and Compulsivity, American Psychiatric Press, Inc., Washington, D. C., pp. 59–95. Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R. (1987). Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science236:410–416. PubMed Google Scholar
Colombo, G. (1997). ESBRA-Nordmann 1996 Award Lecture: Ethanol drinking behaviour in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol.32:443–453. PubMed Google Scholar
Cotton, N. S. (1979). The familial incidence of alcoholism. J. Stud. Alcohol.40:89–116. PubMed Google Scholar
Crabbe, J. C. (1989). Genetic animal models in the study of alcoholism. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.13:120–127. PubMed Google Scholar
Crabbe, J. C., Phillips, T. J., Feller, D. J., Hen, R., Wenger, C. D., Lessov, C. N., and Schafer, G. L. (1996). Elevated alcohol consumption in null mutant mice lacking 5-HT1B serotonin receptors. Nature Genet.14:98–101. PubMed Google Scholar
DeMontis, M. G., Gambarana, C., Gessa, G. L., Meloni, D., Tagliamonte, A., and Stefanini, E. (1993). Reduced [3H]SCH-23390 binding and DA-sensitive adenyl cyclase in the limbic system of alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol.28:397–400. PubMed Google Scholar
DeWaele, J. P., Kiianmaa, K., and Gianoulakis, C. (1995). Characterization of the mu and delta opioid binding sites in the brain of the alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA lines of rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.275:518–527. PubMed Google Scholar
Devoto, P., Colombo, G., Stefanini, E., and Gessa, G. L. (1998). Serotonin is reduced in the frontal cortex of Sardinian ethanolpreferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol.33:226–229. PubMed Google Scholar
Ehlers, C. L., Chaplin, R. I., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1991). Electrophysiological response to ethanol in P and NP rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.15:739–744. PubMed Google Scholar
Ehlers, C. L., Chaplin, R. I., Wall, T. L., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., Owens, M. J., and Nemeroff, C. B. (1992). Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF): Studies in alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rats. Psychopharmacology106:359–364. PubMed Google Scholar
Ehlers, C. L., Li, T.-K., Lumeng, L., Hwang, B. H., Somes, C., Jimenez, P., and Mathe, A. A. (1998). Neuropeptide Y levels in ethanol-naive alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring rats and in Wistar rats after ethanol exposure. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:1778–1782. PubMed Google Scholar
Ehlers, C. L., Somes, C., Li, T.-K., Lumeng, L., Kinkead, B., Owens, M. J., and Nemeroff, C. B. (1999). Neurotensin studies in alcohol naive, preferring and non-preferring rats. Neuroscience93:227–236. PubMed Google Scholar
Engleman, E. A., McBride, W. J., Wilber, A. A., Shaikh, S. R., Eha, R. D., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (2000). Reverse microdialysis of a dopamine uptake inhibitor in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-preferring rats: Effects on dialysate dopamine levels and ethanol intake. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24: 795–801. PubMed Google Scholar
Engleman, E. A., Thielen, R. J., O'Brien, C. E., Jones, A. R., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (2001). Effects of ethanol drinking experience on dopamine D2 autoreceptor function in the nucleus accumbens of alcoholpreferring (P) rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.27, Program no. 981.8.
Eriksson, K. (1968). Genetic selection for voluntary alcohol consumption in the albino rat. Science159:739–741. Google Scholar
Fadda, P., Tronci, S., Colombo, G., and Fratta, W. (1999). Differences in the opioid system in selected brain regions of alcoholpreferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.23:1296–1305. PubMed Google Scholar
Files, F. J., Andrews, C. M., Lewis, R. S., and Samson, H. H. (1993). Effects of ethanol concentration and fixed-ratio requirement on ethanol self-administration by P rats in a continuous access situation. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.17:61–68. PubMed Google Scholar
Files, F. J., Andrews, C. M., Samson, H. H., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1992). Alcohol self-administration in a nonrestricted access situation with alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.16:751–756. PubMed Google Scholar
Files, F. J., Samson, H. H., Denning, C. E., and Marvin, S. (1998). Comparison of alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring selectively bred rat lines. II. Operant self-administration in a continuousaccess situation. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:2147–2158. PubMed Google Scholar
Finney, J. W., and Moos, R. H. (1991). The long-term course of treated alcoholism: I. Mortality, relapse and remission rates and comparisons with community controls. J. Stud. Alcohol52:44–54. PubMed Google Scholar
Foroud, T., Bice, P., Castelluccio, P., Bo, R., Miller, L., Ritchotte, A., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Carr, L. G. (2000). Identification of quantitative trait loci influencing alcohol consumption in the high alcohol drinking and low alcohol drinking rat lines. Behav. Genet.30:131–140. PubMed Google Scholar
Foroud, T., Bice, P., Castelluccio, P., Bo, R., Ritchotte, A., Stewart, R., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Carr, L. G. (2002). Mapping of QTL influencing saccharin intake in the selectively bred alcohol preferring and nonpreferring rat lines. Behav. Genet.32:57–67. PubMed Google Scholar
Froehlich, J. C., Harts, J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1987). Naloxone attenuation of voluntary alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol.Suppl. 1:333–337. Google Scholar
Froehlich, J. C., Harts, J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1988). Differences in response to the aversive properties of ethanol in rats selectively bred for oral ethanol preference. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.31:215–222. PubMed Google Scholar
Froehlich, J. C., Harts, J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1990). Naloxone attenuates voluntary ethanol intake in rats selectively bred for high ethanol preference. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.35: 385–390. PubMed Google Scholar
Froehlich, J. C., and Wand, G. W. (1997). Adenylyl cyclase signal transduction and alcohol-induced sedation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.58:1021–1030. PubMed Google Scholar
Gatto, G. J., Murphy, J. M., Waller, M. B., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1987a). Chronic ethanol tolerance through free-choice drinking in the P line of alcohol-preferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.28:111–115. PubMed Google Scholar
Gatto, G. J., Murphy, J. M., Waller, M. B., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1987b). Persistence of tolerance to a single dose of ethanol in the selectively bred alcohol-preferring P rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.28:105–110. PubMed Google Scholar
Gatto, G. J., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1990). Effects of fluoxetine and desipramine on palatability-induced ethanol consumption in the alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) line of rats. Alcohol7:531–536. PubMed Google Scholar
Gatto, G. J., McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1994). Ethanol self-infusion into the ventral tegmental area by alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol11:557–564. PubMed Google Scholar
Gianoulakis, C., DeWaele, J.-P., and Kiianmaa, K. (1992). Differences in the brain and pituitary b-endorphin system between the alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.16:453–459. PubMed Google Scholar
Godfrey, C. D., Froehlich, J. C., Stewart, R. B., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (1997). Comparison of rats selectively bred for high and low ethanol intake in a forced-swim-test model of depression: Effects of desipramine. Physiol. Behav.62:729–733. PubMed Google Scholar
Gong, J. H., Li, X.-W., Lai, Z. N., Froehlich, J. C., and Yu, L. (1997). Quantitative comparison of mu opioid receptor mRNA in selected CNS regions of alcohol naive rats selectively bred for high and low alcohol drinking, Neurosci. Lett.227:9–12. PubMed Google Scholar
Gongwer, M. A., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1989). Regional brain contents of serotonin, dopamine and their metabolites in the selectively bred high-and lowalcohol drinking lines of rats. Alcohol6:371–320. Google Scholar
Hansen, C., and Spuhler, K. (1984). Development of the National Institute of Health genetically heterogeneous rat stock. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.8:477–479. PubMed Google Scholar
Heinz, A., Mann, K., Weinberger, D. R., and Goldman, D. (2001). Serotonergic dysfunction, negative mood states, and response to alcohol. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:487–495. PubMed Google Scholar
Harvey, S. C., Foster, K. L., McKay, P. F., Carroll, M. R., Seyoum, R., Woods, J. E., II, Grey, C., Jones, C. M., McCane, S., Cummings, R., Mason, D., Ma, C., Cook, J. M., and June, H. L. (2002). The GABAA receptor a1 subtype in the ventral pallidum regulates alcohol-seeking behaviors. J. Neurosci.22:3765–3775. PubMed Google Scholar
Hoffman, H. S., and Ison, J. R. (1980). Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input. Psychol. Rev.87:175–189. PubMed Google Scholar
Hwang, B. H., Lumeng, L., Wu, J.-Y., and Li, T.-K. (1990). Increased number of GABAergic terminals in the nucleus acumbens is associated with alcohol preference in rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.14:503–507. PubMed Google Scholar
Hwang, B. H., Froehlich, J. C., Hwang, W. S., Lumeng, L., and Li, T. K. (1998). More vasopressin mRNA in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of alcohol-preferring rats and high alcohol-drinking rats selectively bred for high alcohol preference. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:664–669. PubMed Google Scholar
Hwang, B. H., Stewart, R. B., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (2001). The down-regulation of corticotropin releasing factor gene expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala is associated with high alcohol preference and anxiety in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.27, Program no. 732.11.
Hwang, B. H., Wang, G. M., Wong, D. T., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (2000). Norepinephrine uptake sites in the locus coeruleus of rat lines selectively bred for high and low alcohol preference: A quantitative autoradiographic binding study using [3H]-Tomoxetine. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:588–594. PubMed Google Scholar
Hwang, B. H., Zhang, J. K., Ehlers, C. L., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1999). Innate differences of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in hypothalamic nuclei and central nucleus of the amygdala between selectively bred rats with high and low alcohol preference. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.23:1023–1030. PubMed Google Scholar
Johnson, B. A., Roache, J. D., Javors, M. A., DiClemente, C. C., Cloniger, C. R., Prihoda, T. J., Bordnick, P. S., Ait-Daoud, N. A., and Hensler, J. (2001). Serotonin receptor antagonist treatment of early onset alcoholism. Neuroscientist7:91–92. Google Scholar
Jones, A. E., McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., Shekhar, A., and McKinzie, D. L. (2000). Effects of ethanol on startle responding in alcohol-preferring (P) and-nonpreferring (NP) rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.67:313–318. PubMed Google Scholar
June, H. L., Harvey, S. C., Foster, K. L., McKay, P. F., Cummings, R., Garcia, M., Mason, D., Grey, C., McCane, S., Williams, L., Johnson, T. B., He, X., Rock, S., and Cook, J. M. (2001). GABA-A-Receptors containing a5 subunits in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal fields regulate ethanol-motivated behaviors: An extended ethanol reward circuitry. J. Neurosci.21:2166–2177. PubMed Google Scholar
June, H. L., Foster, K. L., McKay, P. F., Carroll, M. R., Seyoum, R., Woods, J. E., Harvey, S. C., Eiler, W. J. A. II, Grey, C., McCane, S., Garcia, M., Jones, C. M., Mason, D., Cummings, R., Yin, W., Cook, J. M., and Skolnick, P. (in press). Alcohol reward is mediated by the GABAA receptor a1 subtype in the ventral pallidum. Neuropsychopharmacology (in press).
June, H. L., McCane, S. R., Zink, R. W., Portoghese, P. S., Li, T.-K., and Froehlich, J. C. (1999). The delta-2 opioid receptor antagonist naltriben reduces motivated responding for ethanol. Psychopharmacology147:81–89. PubMed Google Scholar
June, H. L., Torres, L., Cason, C. R., Hwang, B. H., Braun, M. R., and Murphy, J. M. (1998a). The novel benzodiazepine inverse agonist RO19-4603 antagonizes ethanol motivated behaviors: Neuropharmacological studies. Brain Res.784:256–275. PubMed Google Scholar
June, H. L., Zucarelli, D., Craig, K. S., DeLong, J., Cason, C. R., Torres, L., and Murphy, J. M. (1998b). High affinity benzodiazepine antagonists reduce responding maintained by EtOH presentation in ethanol-preferring (P) rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.284:1006–1014. PubMed Google Scholar
Kalant, H., LeBlanc, A. E., and Gibbins, R. J. (1971). Tolerance to, and dependence on, some non-opiate psychtropic drugs. Pharmacol. Rev.23:135–191. PubMed Google Scholar
Kampov-Polevoy, A., Garbutt, J. C., and Janowsky, D. (1997). Evidence of preference for a higher concentration sucrose solution in alcoholic men. Am. J. Psychiatry154:269–270. PubMed Google Scholar
Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Kasheffskaya, O. P., Overstreet, D. H., Rezvani, A. H., Viglinskaya, I. V., Badistov, B. A., Seredenin, S. B., Halikas, J. A., and Sinclair, J. D. (1996). Pain sensitivity and saccharin intake in alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rat strains. Physiol. Behav.59:6830–688. Google Scholar
Kampov-Polevy, A. B., Matthews, D. B., Gause, L., Morrow, A. L., and Overstreet, D. H. (2000). P rats develop physical dependence on alcohol via voluntary drinking: Changes in seizure thresholds, anxiety, and patterns of alcohol drinking. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:278–284. PubMed Google Scholar
Katner, S. N., Kerr, T. M., and Weiss, F. (1996). Ethanol anticipation enhances dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of alcoholpreferring (P) but not Wistar rats Behav. Pharmacol.7:669–674. PubMed Google Scholar
Katner, S. N., and Weiss, F. (1999). Ethanol-associated olfactory stimuli reinstate ethanol-seeking behavior after extinction and modify extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.23:1751–1760. PubMed Google Scholar
Katner, S. N., and Weiss, F. (2001). Neurochemical characteristics associated with ethanol preference in selected alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rats: A quantitative microdialysis study. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:198–205. PubMed Google Scholar
Kiefer, S. W., Badia-Elder, N. E., and Bice, P. J. (1995). Taste reactivity in high alcohol drinking and low alcohol drinking rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.19:279–284. PubMed Google Scholar
Knapp, D. J., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Overstreet, D. H., Breese, G. R., and Rezvani, A. H. (1997). Ultrasonic vocalization be-havior differs between lines of ethanol-preferring and nonpreferring rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.21:1232–1240. PubMed Google Scholar
Koob, G. F., Roberts, A. J., Schulteis, G., Parsons, L. H., Heyser, C. J., Hyytia, P., Merlo-Pich, E., and Weiss, F. (1998). Neurocircuitry targets in ethanol reward and dependence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:3–9. PubMed Google Scholar
Korpi, E. R., Paivarinta, P., Abi-Dargham, A., Honkanen, A., Laruelle, M., Tuominen, K., and Hilakivi, L. A. (1992). Binding of serotonergic ligands to brain membranes of alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Alcohol9:369–374. PubMed Google Scholar
Korpi, E. R., Sinclair, J. D., Kaheinen, P., Viitamaa, T., Hellevuo, K., and Kiianmaa, K. (1988). Brain regional and adrenal monoamine concentrations and behavioral responses to stress in alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Alcohol5:417–425. PubMed Google Scholar
Kurtz, D. L., Stewart, R. B., Zweifel, M., Li, T.-K., and Froehlich, J. C. (1996). Genetic differences in tolerance and sensitization to the sedative/hypnotic effects of alcohol. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.53:585–591. PubMed Google Scholar
Lallemand, F., and De Witte, P. (1997). L-NNA decreases cortical vascularization, alcohol preference and withdrawal in alcoholic rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.58:753–761. PubMed Google Scholar
Lankford, M. F., Roscoe, A. K., Pennington, S. N., and Myers, R. D. (1991). Drinking of high concentrations of ethanol versus palatable fluids in alcohol-preferring (P) rats: Valid animal model of alcoholism. Alcohol8:293–299. PubMed Google Scholar
Learn, J. E., Smith, D. G., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (2000). Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in alcoholnaive high alcohol-drinking (HAD) and low alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:517–523. Google Scholar
Lester, D., and Freed, E. X. (1973). Criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.1:103–107. PubMed Google Scholar
Levy, A. D., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1991). Microinjection of sulpiride into the nucleus accumbens increases ethanol intake of alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol Alcohol.1(Suppl.):417–420. Google Scholar
Li, T.-K., and Lumeng, L. (1977). Alcohol metabolism of inbred strains of rats with alcohol preference and non-preference. In Thurman, R. G., Williamson, J. R., Drott, H., and Chance, B. (eds.), Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems, Vol. III, Academic Press, New York, pp. 625–633. Google Scholar
Li, T.-K., Lumeng, L., and Doolittle, D. P. (1993). Selective breeding for alcohol preference and associated responses. Behav. Genet.23:163–170. Google Scholar
Li, T.-K., Lumeng, L., McBride, W. J., and Waller, M. B. (1981). Indiana selection studies on alcohol-related behaviors. In NIAAA Research Monograph No. 6, Development of Animal Models as Pharmacogenetic Tools. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, pp. 171–191. Google Scholar
Li, X. W., Li, T.-K., and Froehlich, J. C. (1998). Enhanced sensitivity of the nucleus accumbens proenkephalin system to alcohol in rats selectively bred for alcohol preference. Brain Res.794: 35–47. PubMed Google Scholar
Lumeng, L., Hawkins, T. D., and Li, T.-K. (1977). New strains of rats with alcohol preference and non-preference. In Thurman, R. G., Williamson, J. R., Drott, H., and Chance, B. (eds.), Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems, Vol. III,Academic Press, New York, pp. 537–544. Google Scholar
Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1986). The development of metabolic tolerance in the alcohol-preferring P rats: Comparison of forced and free-choice drinking of ethanol. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.25:1013–1020. PubMed Google Scholar
Lumeng, L., Waller, M. B., McBride, W. J., and Li, T.-K. (1982). Different sensitivities to ethanol in alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 16:125–130. PubMed Google Scholar
Mardones, J., and Sigovia-Riquelme, N. (1983). Thirty-two years of selection of rats by ethanol preference: UchA and UchB strains. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol.5:171–178. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Bodart, B., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1995). Association between low contents of dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus accumbens and high alcohol preference. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.19:1420–1422. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Chernet, E., Dyr, W., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1993b). Densities of dopamine D2 receptors are reduced in CNS regions of alcohol-preferring P rats. Alcohol10:387–390. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Chernet, E., McKinzie, D. L., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1998). Quantitative autoradiography of mu-opioid receptors in the CNS of alcohol naive alcohol-preferring P and-nonpreferring NP rats. Alcohol16:317–323. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Chernet, E., Rabold, J. A., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1993a). Serotonin-2 receptors in the CNS of alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.46:631–636. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Chernet, E., Russell, R. N., Chamberlain, J. K., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1997a). Regional CNS densities of serotonin and dopamine receptors in high alcohol-drinking (HAD) and low alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats. Alcohol14:603–609. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Chernet, E., Russell, R. N., Wong, D. T., Guan, X.-M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1997b). Regional CNS densities of monoamine receptors in alcohol-naive alcohol-preferring P and-nonpreferring NP rats. Alcohol14:141–148. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Guan, X.-M., Chernet, E., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1994). Regional serotonin1A receptors in the CNS of alcoholpreferring and-nonpreferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.49:7–12. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., and Li, T.-K. (1998). Animal models of alcoholism: Neurobiology of high alcohol-drinking behavior in rodents. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol.12:339–369. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1988). Effects of Ro 15-4513, fluoxetine and desipramine on the intake of ethanol, water and food by the alcohol-preferring (P) and-nonpreferring (NP) lines of rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.30:1045–1050. PubMed Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1992). Serotonin and alcohol consumption. In Naranjo, C. A., and Sellers, E. M. (eds.), Novel Pharmacological Interventions for Alcoholism, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 59–67. Google Scholar
McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1990). Serotonin, dopamine and GABA involvement in alcohol drinking of selectively bred rats. Alcohol7:199–205. PubMed Google Scholar
McClearn, G. E., and Rodgers, D. A. (1959). Differences in alcohol preference among inbred strains of mice. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol.20:691–695. Google Scholar
McClearn, G. E., and Rodgers, D. A. (1961). Genetic factors in alcohol preference of laboratory mice. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych.54:116–119. Google Scholar
McKinzie, D. L., McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1999). Rat lines selectively bred for alcohol preference: A potential animal model of adolescent alcohol drinking. In Hannigan, J. H., Spear, L. P., Spear, N. E., and Goodlett, C. R. (eds.), Alcohol and Alcoholism: Effects on Brain and Development, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 135–160. Google Scholar
McKinzie, D. L., Nowak, K. L., Yorger, L., McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1998a). The alcohol deprivation effect in the alcohol-preferring P rat under free-drinking and operant access conditions. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22: 1170–1176. PubMed Google Scholar
McKinzie, D. L., Nowak, K. L., Murphy, J. M., Li, T.-K., Lumeng, L., and McBride, W. J. (1998b). Development of alcohol drinking behavior in rat lines selectively-bred for divergent alcohol preference. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:1584–1590. PubMed Google Scholar
McKinzie, D. L., Eha, R., Cox, R. Stewart, R. B., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1998c). Serotonin3 receptor antagonism of alcohol intake: Effects of drinking conditions. Alcohol15:291–298. PubMed Google Scholar
McKinzie, D. L., Sajdyk, T. J., McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Shekhar, A. (2000a). Acoustic startle and fear-potentiated startle in alcohol-preferring (P) and-nonpreferring (NP) lines of rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.65:691–696. PubMed Google Scholar
McKinzie, D. L., McBride, W. J., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (2000b). Effects of MDL72222, a serotonin3 antagonist, on operant responding for ethanol by alcohol-preferring P rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:1500–1504. PubMed Google Scholar
McMillan, D. E., and Li, M. (1999). Lack of difference between HAD and LAD rats in the stimulus generalization of ethanol to nicotine. Behav. Pharmacol.10:809–812. PubMed Google Scholar
McMillen, B. A. (1997). Toward a definition of a valid animal model of alcoholism: Multiple animal models for multiple diseases. Alcohol14:409–419. PubMed Google Scholar
McMillan, D. E., Li, M., and Shide, D. J. (1999). Differences between alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rats in ethanol generalization. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.64:415–419. PubMed Google Scholar
Melendez, R. I., Rodd-Henricks, Z. A., Engleman, E. A., Li, T.-K., McBride, W. J., and Murphy, J. M. (2002). Microdialysis of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol preferring (P) rats during anticipation and operant self-administration of ethanol. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.26:318–325. PubMed Google Scholar
Melendez, R. I., Rodd-Henricks, Z. A., Zhang, Y., McBride, W. J., and Murphy, J. M. (2001). Systemic ethanol injection increases extracellular dopamine in the ventral pallidum but not globus pallidus, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.27, Program no. 540.6.
Melo, J. A., Shendure, J., Pociask, K., and Silver, L. M. (1996). Identification of sex-specific quanitative trait loci controlling alcohol preference in C57BL/6 mice. Nature Genet.13:147–153. PubMed Google Scholar
Merlo-Pich, E., Lorang, M., Yeganeh, M., Rodriquez de Fonseca, F., Raber, J., Koob, G. F., and Weiss, F. (1995). Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis. J. Neurosci.15:5439–5447. PubMed Google Scholar
Morzorati, S., and Kubek, M. J. (1993). Septal TRH in alcohol-naive P and NP rats and following alcohol challenge. Brain Res. Bull.31:301–304. PubMed Google Scholar
Morzorati, S., Lamishaw, B., Clemens, J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1988). Effect of low dose ethanol on the EEG of alcoholpreferring and-nonpreferring rats. Brain Res. Bull.21:101–104. PubMed Google Scholar
Morzorati, S. L. (1998). VTA dopamine neuron activity distinguishes alcohol-preferring (P) rats from Wistar rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:854–857. PubMed Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M., Gatto, G. J., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1989). Operant responding for oral ethanol in the alcohol-preferring P and alcohol-nonpreferring NP lines of rats. Alcohol6: 127–131. PubMed Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M., Gatto, G. J., Waller, M. B., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1986). Effects of scheduled access on ethanol intake by the alcohol-preferring P line of rats. Alcohol3:331–336. PubMed Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Gatto, G. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1988). Effects of acute ethanol on monoamine and metabolite contents in forebrain regions of ethanol tolerant and nontolerant alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.29:169–174. PubMed Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1987). Contents of monoamines in forebrain regions of alcohol-preferring (P) and-nonpreferring (NP) lines of rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.26:389–392. PubMed Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1982). Regional brain levels of monoamines in alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.16:145–149. Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M., Waller, M. B., Gatto, G. J., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1985). Monoamine uptake inhibitors attenuate ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol2:349–352. PubMed Google Scholar
Nezlek, J. B., Pilkington, C. J., and Bilbro, K. G. (1994). Moderation in excess: Binge drinking and social interaction among college students. J. Stud. Alcohol55:342–351. PubMed Google Scholar
Nowak, K. L., Ingraham, C. M., McKinzie, D. L., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (2000a). An assessment of novelty-seeking behavior in alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.66:113–121. PubMed Google Scholar
Nowak, K. L., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (1998). Blocking GABAA receptors in the anterior ventral tegmental area attenuates ethanol intake of the alcohol-preferring P rat. Psychopharmacology139:108–116. PubMed Google Scholar
Nowak, K. L., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (2000b). Involvement of dopamine D2 autoreceptors in the ventral tegmental area on alcohol and saccharin intake of the alcohol-preferring P rat. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:476–483. PubMed Google Scholar
Nurmi, M., Ashizawa, T., Sinclair, J. D., and Kiianmaa, K. (1996). Effect of prior ethanol experience on dopamine overflow in accumbens of AA and ANA rats. Eur. J. Pharmcol.315:277–283. Google Scholar
Nylander, I., Hyytia, P., Forsander, O., and Terenius, L. (1994). Differences between alcohol-preferring (AA) and alcohol-avoiding (ANA) rats in the prodynorphin and proenkephalin systems, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.18:1272–1279. PubMed Google Scholar
Overstreet, D. H., Halikas, J. A., Seredenin, S. B., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Viglinskaya, I. B., Kashevskaya, O., Badishtov, B. A., Knapp, D. J., Mormede, P., Kiianmaa, K., Li, T.-K., and Rezvani, A. H. (1997). Behavioral similarities and differences among alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rats: Confirmation by factor analysis and extension to additional groups. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.21:840–848. PubMed Google Scholar
Overstreet, D. H., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Rezvani, A. H., Braun, C., Bartus, R. T., and Crews, F. T. (1999). Suppression of alcohol intake by chronic naloxone treatment in P rats: Tolerance development and elevation of opiate receptor binding. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.23:1761–1771. PubMed Google Scholar
Overstreet, D. H., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Rezvani, A. H., Murrelle, L., Halikas, J. A., and Janowsky, D. S. (1993). Saccharin intake predicts ethanol intake in genetically heterogeneous rats as well as different rat strains. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.17:366–381. PubMed Google Scholar
Pandey, S. C., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1996). Serotonin2C receptors and serotonin2C receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the brain of alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.20:1038–1042. PubMed Google Scholar
Phillips, T. J., Crabbe, J. C., Metten, P., and Belknap, J. K. (1994). Localization of genes affecting alcohol drinking in mice. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.18:931–41. PubMed Google Scholar
Pohorecky, L. A. (1977). Biphasic action of ethanol. Biobehav. Rev.1:231–240. Google Scholar
Poherecky, L. A. (1981). The interaction between alcohol and stress: A review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.5:209–229. PubMed Google Scholar
Poherecky, L. A. (1990). Interaction of ethanol and stress: Research with experimental animals—An update. Alcohol Alcohol.25:263–276. PubMed Google Scholar
Risinger, F. O., Bormann, N. M., and Oakes, R. A. (1996). Reduced sensitivity to ethanol reward, but not ethanol aversion, in mice lacking 5-HT1B receptors. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.20:1401–1402. PubMed Google Scholar
Ritz, M. C., Garcia, J. M., Protz, D., and George, F. R. (1994a). Operant ethanol-reinforced behavior in P, NP, HAD, and LAD rats bred for high versus low ethanol preference. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.18:1406–1415. PubMed Google Scholar
Ritz, M. C., Garcia, J. M., Protz, D., Rael, A.-M., and George, F. R. (1994b). Ethanol-reinforced behavior in P, NP, HAD, and LAD rats: Differential genetic regulation of reinforcement and motivation. Behav. Pharmacol.5:521–531. PubMed Google Scholar
Rodd-Henricks, Z. A., Bell, R. L., Melendez, R. I., Jones, A. R., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (2000b). Repeated deprivations enhance operant alcohol self-administration in the alcohol preferring (P) rat. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:52A, Abstract. Google Scholar
Rodd-Henricks, Z. A., Bell, R. L., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (2001). Effects of concurrent access to multiple ethanol concentrations and repeated deprivations on alcohol intake of alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:747–753. Google Scholar
Rodd-Henricks, Z. A., Bell, R. L., Webster, A. A., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (2000a). Low-dose ethanol stimulates locomotor activity in alcohol preferring adolescent rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:57A, Abstract. Google Scholar
Rodd-Henricks, Z. A., McKinzie, D. L., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (2000b). The expression of an alcohol deprivation effect in the high-alcohol-drinking replicate rat lines is dependent on repeated deprivations. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:747–753. PubMed Google Scholar
Rodd-Henricks, Z. A., McKinzie, D. L., Shaikh, S. R., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (2000c). The alcohol deprivation effect is prolonged in the alcohol preferring (P) rat following repeated deprivations. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:8–16. PubMed Google Scholar
Rodriguez, L. A., Plomin, R., Blizard, D. A., Jones, B. C., and McClearn, G. E. (1995). Alcohol acceptance, preference and sensitivity in mice. II: Quantitative trait loci mapping analysis using BXD recombinant inbred strains. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.19:367–373. PubMed Google Scholar
Salimov, R. M., McBride, W. J., Sinclair, J. D., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1996). Performance in the cross-maze and slip funnel tests of four pairs of rat lines selectively bred for divergent alcohol drinking behavior. Addict. Biol.1:273–280. PubMed Google Scholar
Samson, H. H. (1986). Initiation of ethanol reinforcement using a sucrose substitution procedure in food-and water-sated rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.10:436–442. PubMed Google Scholar
Samson, H. H., Files, F. J., Denning, C., and Marvin, S. (1998). Comparison of alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring selectively bred rat lines. I. Ethanol initiation and limited access operant selfadministration. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:2133–2146. PubMed Google Scholar
Schuckit, M. A. (1986). Genetic aspects of alcoholism. Ann. Emerg. Med.15:991–996. PubMed Google Scholar
Schuckit, M. A. (1994). Low level of response to alcohol as a predictor of future alcoholism. Am. J. Psychiatry151:184–189. PubMed Google Scholar
Schwarz-Stevens, K., Samson, H. H., Tolliver, G. A., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1991). The effects of ethanol initiation procedures on ethanol reinforced behavior in the alcohol preferring (P) rat. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.15:277–285. PubMed Google Scholar
Sinclair, J. D., Kampov-Polevoy, A., Stewart, R., and Li, T.-K. (1992). Taste preference in rat lines selected for low and high alcohol consumption. Alcohol9:155–160. PubMed Google Scholar
Sinclair, J. D. (1990). Drugs to decrease alcohol drinking. Ann. Med.22:357–362. PubMed Google Scholar
Sinclair, J. D., and Senter, R. J. (1967). Increased preference for ethanol in rats following deprivation. Psychonomic Sci.8: 11–12. Google Scholar
Slawecki, C. J., Betancourt, M., Li, T.-K., and Ehlers, C. L. (2000). Neurophysiological findings and drinking levels in high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) and low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.24:1492–1499. PubMed Google Scholar
Slawecki, C. J., Jimenez-Vasquez, P., Mathe, A. A., and Ehlers, C. L. (2001). Substance P and neurokinin levels are decreased in the cortex and hypothalamus of alcohol-preferring (P) rat. J. Stud. Alcohol62:736–740. PubMed Google Scholar
Slawecki, C. J., Walpole, T., Somes, C., Li, T.-K., and Ehlers, C. L. (1999). Differences in neurophysiological indices of associative learning in alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.23:828–834. PubMed Google Scholar
Smith, D. G., Learn, J. E., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., Li. T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (2001a). Alcohol-naive alcohol-preferring (P) rats exhibit higher local cerebral glucose utilization than alcohol non-preferring (NP) and Wistar rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:1309–1316. PubMed Google Scholar
Smith, D. G., Learn, J. E., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (2001b). Long-term effects of alcohol drinking on cerebral glucose utilization in alcohol-preferring P rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.69:543–553. PubMed Google Scholar
Soini, S. L., Ovaska, T., Honkanen, A., Hyytia, P., and Korpi, E. R. (1998). Brain opioid receptor binding of [3H]CTOP and [3H]naltrindole in alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Alcohol15:227–232. PubMed Google Scholar
Stefanini, E., Frau, M., Garau, M. G., Garau, B., Fadda, F., and Gessa, G. L. (1992). Alcohol-preferring rats have fewer dopamine D2 receptors in the limbic system. Alcohol Alcohol.27:127–130. PubMed Google Scholar
Steinmetz, J. E., Blankenship, M. R., Green, J. T., Smith, G. B., and Finn, P. R. (2000). Evaluation of behavioral disinhibition in P/NP and HAD1/LAD1 rats. Prog. Neuro-psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiat.24:1025–1039. Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., Badia-Elder, N. E., Woods, J. E., II, Powrozek, T. A., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1999). Comparisons of high alcohol drinking (HAD) and low alcohol drinking (LAD) rats on an elevated plus maze test of anxiety. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.23:105A (Abstract). Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., Gatto, G. J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (1993). Comparison of alcohol-preferring (P) and nonpreferring (NP) rats on tests of anxiety and for the anxiolytic effects of ethanol. Alcohol10:1–10. PubMed Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., Kurtz, D. L., Zweifel, M., Li, T.-K., and Froehlich, J. C. (1992). Differences in the hypothermic response to ethanol in rats selectively bred for oral ethanol preference and nonpreference. Psychopharmacology106:169–174. PubMed Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., McKinley, P. J., Bottoms, D. M., Bottoms, N. A., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1998a). Sensitivity and tolerance to the motor-impairing effects of ethanol in rats of the selectively-bred high alcohol drinking (HAD) and low alcohol drinking (LAD) lines. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:91A (Abstract). Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., Murphy, J. M., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1998b). Intake of saccharin solution in selectively-bred high and low alcohol drinking (HAD and LAD) lines of rats and in the F2 progeny of HAD and LAD rat crosses. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.22:55A (Abstract). Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1996). Place conditioning with alcohol in alcoholpreferring and-nonpreferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.53:487–491. PubMed Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (1991). Chronic alcohol consumption in alcohol-preferring P rats attenuates subsequent conditioned taste aversion produced by ethanol injections. Psychopharmacology105:530–534. PubMed Google Scholar
Stewart, R. B., Russell, R. N., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and Murphy, J. M. (1994). Consumption of sweet, salty, sour and bitter solutions by selectively bred alcohol-preferring P and-nonpreferring NP lines of rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.18:375–381. PubMed Google Scholar
Strother, W. N., Chernet, E. J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., and McBride, W. J. (2001). Regional central nervous system densities of deltaopioid receptors in alcohol-preferring P, alcohol-nonpreferring NP, and unselected Wistar rats. Alcohol25:31–38. PubMed Google Scholar
Suwaki, H., Kalant, H., Higuchi, S., Crabbe, J. C., Ohkuma, S., Katsura, M., Yoshimura, M., Stewart, R. B., Li, T.-K., and Weiss, F. (2001). Recent research on alcohol tolerance and dependence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.25:189S–196S. PubMed Google Scholar
Syvalahti, E. K. G., Pohjalainen, T., Korpi, E. R., Palvimaki, E. P., Ovaska, T., Kuoppamaki, M., and Hietala, J. (1994). Dopamine D-2 receptor gene expression in rat lines selected for differences in voluntary alcohol consumption. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.18:1029–1031. PubMed Google Scholar
Thiele, T. E., Marsh, D. J., Ste. Marie, L., Berstein, I., Palmiter, R. D. (1998). Ethanol consumption and resistance are inversely related to neuropeptide Y levels. Nature396:366–369. PubMed Google Scholar
Thielen, R. J., McBride, W. J., Chernet, E., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1997). Regional densities of benzodiazepine sites in the CNS of alcohol-naive P and NP rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.57:875–882. PubMed Google Scholar
Thielen, R. J., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1998). GABAA receptor function in the cerebral cortex of alcohol naive P and NP rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.59:209–214. PubMed Google Scholar
Thielen, R. J., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1993). Housing conditions alter GABAA receptor of alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.46:723–727. PubMed Google Scholar
Viglinskaya, I. V., Overstreet, D. H., Kashevskaya, O. P., Badishtov, B. A., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Seredenin, S. B., and Halikas, J. A. (1995). To drink or not to drink: Tests of anxiety and immobility in alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rat strains. Physiol. Behav.57:937–941. PubMed Google Scholar
Waller, M. B., McBride, W. J., Gatto, G. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1984). Intragastric self-infusion of ethanol by ethanol-preferring and-nonpreferring lines of rats. Science225:78–80. PubMed Google Scholar
Waller, M. B., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1982). Induction of dependence on ethanol by free-choice drinking in alcohol-preferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.16:501–507. PubMed Google Scholar
Waller, M. B., Murphy, J. M., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1986). Effect of low dose ethanol on spontaneous motor activity in alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring lines of rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.24:617–623. PubMed Google Scholar
Waller, M. B., McBride, W. J., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1983). Initial sensitivity and acute tolerance to ethanol in the P and NP lines of rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.19:683–686. PubMed Google Scholar
Wechsler, H., Lee, J., Kuo, M., and Lee, H. (2000). College binge drinking in the 1990s: A continuing problem—Results of the Harvard School of Public Health 1999 College Alcohol Study. J. Amer. Coll. Health48:199–210. Google Scholar
Weiss, F., Lorang, M. T., Bloom, F. E., and Koob, G. F. (1993). Oral alcohol self-administration stimulates dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: Genetic and motivational determinants. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.267:250–258. PubMed Google Scholar
Weiss, F., Mitchiner, M., Bloom, F. E., and Koob, G. F. (1990). Free-choice ethanol responding for ethanol versus water in alcohol-preferring (P) and unselected Wistar rats is differentially modified by naloxone, bromocriptine, and methysergide. Psychopharmacology101:178–186. PubMed Google Scholar
Williams, R. J., Berry, L. J., and Beerstecher, E., Jr. (1949). Individual metabolic patterns, alcoholism, genotrophic diseases. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA35:265–271. Google Scholar
Wise, R. A., and Bozarth, M. A. (1987). A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psych. Rev.94:469–492. Google Scholar
Wolfgramm, J., and Heyne, A. (1995). From controlled drug intake to loss of control: The irreversible development of drug addiction in the rat. Behav. Brain Res.70:77–94. PubMed Google Scholar
Wong, D. T., Reid, L. R., Li, T.-K., and Lumeng, L. (1993). Greater abundance of serotonin1A receptor in some brain areas of alcoholpreferring (P) than nonpreferring (NP) rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.46:173–177. PubMed Google Scholar
Wong, G., Ovaska, T., and Korpi, E. R. (1996). Brain regional pharmacology of GABAA receptors in alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Addict. Biol.1:263–272. PubMed Google Scholar
Zhou, F. C., Pu, C. F., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1991c). Fewer number of immunostained serotonergic neurons in raphe of alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.15:315. Google Scholar
Zhou, F. C., Zhang, J. K., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1995). Mesolimbic dopamine system in alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol12:403–412. PubMed Google Scholar
Zhou, F. C., Bledsoe, S., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1991a). Immunostained serotonergic fibers are decreased in selected brain regions of alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol8:425–431. PubMed Google Scholar
Zhou, F. C., Bledsoe, S., Lumeng, L., and Li, T.-K. (1991b). Serotonergic immunostained terminal fibers are lower in selected forebrain regions of alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol8:1–7. PubMed Google Scholar