Legume-based cropping systems have reduced carbon and nitrogen losses (original) (raw)

References

1. Larson, W. E., Clapp, C. E., Pierre, W. H. & Morachan, Y. B. Effects of increasing amounts of organic residues on continuous corn: II. Organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Agron. J. 64, 204–208 (1972).
   Article Google Scholar
2. Rasmussen, P. E., Allmaras, R. R., Rohde, C. R. & Roagers, N. C. J Crop residue influences on soil carbon and nitrogen in a wheat-fallow system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 596–600 (1980).
   Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
3. Havlin, J. L., Kissel, D. E., Maddux, L. D., Claassen, M. M. & Long, J. H. Crop rotation and tillage effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54, 448–452 (1990).
   Article ADS Google Scholar
4. Hobbie, S. Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling. TREE 7, 336–339 (1992).
   CAS PubMed Google Scholar
5. Wedin, D. A. & Tilman, D. Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses. Oceologia 84, 433–441 (1990).
   Article ADS Google Scholar
6. Drinkwater, L. E., Workneh, F., Letourneau, D. K., van Bruggen, A. H. C. & Shennan, C. Fundamental differences in organic and conventional tomato agroecosystems in California. Ecol. Appl. 5, 1098–112 (1995).
   Article Google Scholar
7. Hanson, J. C., Lichtenberg, E. & Peters, S. E. Organic versus conventional grain production in the mid-Atlantic: an economic and farming system overview. J. Alt. Agric. 12, 2–9 (1996).
   Article Google Scholar
8. Paustian, K., Parton, W. J. & Persson, J. Modeling soil organic matter in organic-amended and nitrogen-fertilized long-term plots. Soil Sci. Soc. Am J. 56, 476–488 (1992).
   Article ADS Google Scholar
9. Hassink, J. Density fractions of soil macroorganic matter and microbial biomass as predictors of C andN mineralization. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27, 1099–1108 (1992).
   Article Google Scholar
10. Gregorich, E. G., Ellert, B. H., Drury, C. F. & Liang, B. C. Fertilization effects on soil organic matter turnover and corn residue C storage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60, 472–476 (1996).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
11. Schlesinger, W. H. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change 108–140 (Academic, San Diego, 1991).
    Google Scholar
12. Zak, D. R. & Pregitzer, K. S. in Successes, Limitations and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science (eds Pace, M. L. & Groffman, P. M.) 372–403 (Springer, New York, 1998).
    Book Google Scholar
13. Angers, D. A. & Mehuys, G. R. Effects of cropping on macro-aggregation of a marine-clay soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69, 373–380 (1989).
    Article Google Scholar
14. Holland, E. A. & Coleman, D. C. Litter placement effects on microbial and organic matter dynamics in an agroecosystem. Ecology 68, 425–433 (1987).
    Article Google Scholar
15. Kassim, G., Martin, J. P. & Haider, K. Incorporation of a wide variety of organic substrate carbons into soil biomass as estimated by the fumigation procedure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45, 1106–1112 (1981).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
16. LaRue, T. A. & Patterson, T. G. How much nitrogen do legumes fix? Adv. Agron. 34, 15–38 (1985).
    Article Google Scholar
17. Azam, F., Malik, K. A. & Sajjad, M. I. Transformations in soil and availability to plants of 15N applied as inorganic fertilizer and legume residues. Plant Soil 86, 3–13 (1985).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
18. Ladd, J. N. & Amato, M. The fate of nitrogen from legume and fertilizer sources in soils successively cropped with wheat under field conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18, 417–425 (1986).
    Article Google Scholar
19. McCracken, D. V., Smith, M. S., Grove, J. H., MacKown, C. T. & Blevins, R. L. Nitrate leaching as influenced by cover cropping and nitrogen source. Soil Sci. Soc. J. 58, 1476–1483 (1994).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
20. Marland, G. & Boden, T. A. Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 1997).
    Google Scholar
21. Chou, T. H. Energy and Economic Analyses of Comparative Sustainability in Low-Input and Conventional Farming Systems. Thesis, Michigan State Univ. (1993).
    Google Scholar
22. Vitousek, P. M. et al. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecol. Appl. 7, 737–750 (1997).
    Google Scholar
23. Liebhardt, W. C. et al. Crop production during conversion from conventional to low-input methods. Agron. J. 81, 150–159 (1989).
    Article Google Scholar
24. Gregorich, E. G., Ellert, B. H. & Monreal, C. M. Turnover of soil organic matter and storage of corn residue carbon estimated from natural 13C abundance. Can. J. Soil Sci. 75, 161–167 (1995).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
25. Papastylianou, I. & Danso, S. K. A. Nitrogen fixation and transfer in vetch and vetch-oats mixtures. Soil biol. Biochem. 23, 447–452 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
26. Paul, E. A. & Clark, F. E. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry 164–197 (Academic, New York, 1989).
    Book Google Scholar
27. De Luca, T. H., Drinkwater, D. E., Wiefling, B. A. & Denicola, D. M. Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in temperate cropping systems: influence of nitrogen source. Biol. Fertil. Soils 23, 140–144 (1996).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
28. Likens, G. E. & Bormann, F. H. Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem 2nd edn 76–79 (Springer, New York, 1995).
    Book Google Scholar
29. Moyer, J. W., Saporito, L. S. & Janke, R. R. Design, construction and installation of the Rodale intact soil core lysimater for the collection of soil water samples. Agron. J. 88, 252–256 (1996).
    Article Google Scholar

Download references