Genetic ablation of parathyroid glands reveals another source of parathyroid hormone (original) (raw)

Nature volume 406, pages 199–203 (2000)Cite this article

Abstract

The parathyroid glands are the only known source of circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), which initiates an endocrine cascade that regulates serum calcium concentration1. Glial cells missing2 (Gcm2), a mouse homologue of Drosophila Gcm, is the only transcription factor whose expression is restricted to the parathyroid glands2,3,4,5. Here we show that _Gcm2_-deficient mice lack parathyroid glands and exhibit a biological hypoparathyroidism, identifying Gcm2 as a master regulatory gene of parathyroid gland development. Unlike _PTH receptor_-deficient mice, however, _Gcm2_-deficient mice are viable and fertile, and have only a mildly abnormal bone phenotype. Despite their lack of parathyroid glands, _Gcm2_-deficient mice have PTH serum levels identical to those of wild-type mice, as do parathyroidectomized wild-type animals. Expression and ablation studies identified the thymus, where Gcm1, another Gcm homologue, is expressed, as the additional, downregulatable source of PTH. Thus, Gcm2 deletion uncovers an auxiliary mechanism for the regulation of calcium homeostasis in the absence of parathyroid glands. We propose that this backup mechanism may be a general feature of endocrine regulation.

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Figure 1: Regulation of calcium homeostasis and targeted disruption of Gcm2 .

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Figure 2: Fate of _Gcm2-_deficient mice and biological chemistry.

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Figure 3: Absence of parathyroid glands and increased bone mass in _Gcm2_-deficient mice.

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Figure 4: Detection of an auxiliary PTH source.

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Figure 5: Physiological role of thymic PTH secretion. a, In situ hybridization revealing overlapping PTH (red) and Casr (yellow) expression in thymus.

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Acknowledgements

G.K. thanks R. Behringer for his generosity. We thank R. Balling, R. Civitelli, C. Johner, H. Kronenberg, B. Lanske, J. Mclaughlin, H. Peters, L.D. Quarles and S. Rebalo for reagents and advice, A. Arnold for sharing unpublished information, and R. Behringer, H. Bellen, P. Hastings, C. Silve, H. Zoghbi and members of the Karsenty laboratory for critical reading of the manuscript. This work is supported by a grant from the MOD foundation to G.K. and NIH grants to G.K. and D.A. T.G. was supported by the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD). D.J.A. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

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Author notes

  1. Thomas Günther, Zhou-Feng Chen, Jane M. Moseley and T. John Martin: These authors contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Program of Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, 77030, Texas, USA
    Thomas Günther & Gerard Karsenty
  2. Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA
    Zhou-Feng Chen
  3. Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena , 91125, California, USA
    Jaesang Kim & David J. Anderson
  4. Department of Trauma Surgery, Hamburg University, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
    Matthias Priemel, Johannes M. Rueger & Michael Amling
  5. St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , 9 Princes Street, Melbourne, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia
    Jane M. Moseley & T. John Martin

Authors

  1. Thomas Günther
  2. Zhou-Feng Chen
  3. Jaesang Kim
  4. Matthias Priemel
  5. Johannes M. Rueger
  6. Michael Amling
  7. Jane M. Moseley
  8. T. John Martin
  9. David J. Anderson
  10. Gerard Karsenty

Corresponding author

Correspondence toGerard Karsenty.

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Günther, T., Chen, ZF., Kim, J. et al. Genetic ablation of parathyroid glands reveals another source of parathyroid hormone.Nature 406, 199–203 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35018111

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