The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes (original) (raw)

References

  1. Nathan, D. M. Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. New Eng. J. Med. 328, 1676–1685 ( 1993).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  2. Taylor, S. I. Deconstructing type 2 diabetes. Cell 97, 9–12 (1999).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  3. Kopelman, P. G. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature 404, 635–643 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  4. Kahn, C. R., Vicent, D. & Doria, A. Genetics of non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus. Annu. Rev. Med. 47, 509– 531 (1996).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  5. Boden, G. Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes 46, 1–10 ( 1997).
    Article Google Scholar
  6. Hotamisligil, G. S. The role of TNFα and TNF receptors in obesity and insulin resistance. J. Int. Med. 245, 621– 625 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Spiegelman, B. M. & Flier, J. S. Adipogenesis and obesity: rounding out the big picture. Cell 87, 377–389 (1996).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  8. Mohamed-Ali, V., Pinkney, J. H. & Coppack, S. W. Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 22, 1145–1158 (1998).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  9. Friedman, J. M. & Halaas, J. L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395, 763–770 (1998).
    Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  10. Shimomura, I., Hammer, R. E., Ikemoto, S., Brown, M. S. & Goldstein, J. L. Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy. Nature 401, 73–76 ( 1999).
    Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  11. Moller, D. E. Potential role of TNFα in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 11, 212–217 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  12. Henry, R. R. Thiazolidinediones. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 26, 553–573 (1997).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  13. Lehmann, J. M. et al. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). J. Biol. Chem. 270, 12953– 12956 (1995).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  14. Tontonoz, P., Hu, E., Graves, R. A., Budavari, A. I. & Spiegelman, B. M. mPPARγ2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev. 8, 1224– 1234 (1994).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  15. Chawla, A., Schwarz, E. J., Dimaculangan, D. D. & Lazar, M. A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ): Adipose predominant expression and induction early in adipocyte differentiation. Endocrinology 135, 798–800 (1994).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  16. Barak, Y. et al. PPARγ is required for placental, cardiac, and adipose tissue development. Mol. Cell 4, 585– 595 (1999).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  17. Rosen, E. D. et al. PPARγ is required for the differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Cell 4, 611–617 (1999).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  18. Tontonoz, P., Hu, E. & Spiegelman, B. M. Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPARγ2, a lipid-activated transcription factor. Cell 79, 1147–1156 (1994).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  19. Willson, T. M., Brown, P. J., Sternbach, D. D. & Henke, B. R. The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 527–550 ( 2000).
    Article Google Scholar
  20. Mukherjee, R. et al. Sensitization of diabetic and obese mice to insulin by retinoid X receptor agonists. Nature 386, 407– 410 (1997).
    Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  21. Barroso, I. et al. Dominant negative mutations in human PPARγ associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Nature 402, 880–883 ( 1999).
    Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  22. Kubota, N. et al. PPARγ mediates high-fat diet-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance. Mol. Cell 4, 597 –609 (1999).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  23. Miles, P. D., Barak, Y., He, W., Evans, R. M. & Olefsky, J. M. Improved insulin-sensitivity in mice heterozygous for PPAR-γ deficiency. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 287–292 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  24. Holcomb, I. N. et al. FIZZ1, a novel cysteine-rich secretedprotein associated with pulmonary inflammation, defines a new gene family. EMBO J. 19, 4046–4055 (2000).
    Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  25. Steppan, C. M. et al. A family of tissue-specific resistin-like molecules. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (in the press).
  26. VanHeek, M. et al. Diet-induced obese mice develop peripheral, but not central, resistance to leptin. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 385–390 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  27. Ahima, R. S. et al. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature 382, 250–252 (1996).
    Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  28. Seed, B. PPARγ and colorectal carcinoma: conflicts in a nuclear family. Nature Med. 4, 1004–1005 (1998).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  29. Tontonoz, P., Nagy, L., Alvarez, J. G., Thomazy, V. A. & Evans, R. M. PPARγ promotes monocyte/macrophage differentiation and uptake of oxidized LDL. Cell 93, 241 –252 (1998).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  30. Shao, D. & Lazar, M. A. PPARγ, C/EBPα, cell cycle status and the commitment to adipocyte differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 21473–21478 (1997).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  31. Huang, E. Y. et al. Nuclear receptor corepressors partner with class II histone deacetylases in a Sin3-independent repression pathway. Genes Dev. 14, 45–54 ( 2000).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  32. Speicher, D. W. & Reim, D. in Current Protocols in Protein Science (eds Coligan, J. E., Dunn, B. M., Ploegh, H. L., Speicher, D. W. & Wingfield, P. T.) 11.10.11–11.10.38 (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997).
    Google Scholar
  33. Hausdorff, S. F. et al. Identification of wortmannin-sensitive targets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 24677– 24684 (1999).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  34. Nakai, K. & Horton, P. PSORT: a program for detecting sorting signals in proteins and predicting their subcellular localization. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24, 34–36 (1999).
    Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  35. Nielsen, H., Engelbrecht, J., Brunak, S. & von Heijne, G. Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites. Protein Engng 10, 1–6 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references