Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells (original) (raw)

• Spangrude, G. J., Heimfeld, S. & Weissman, I. L. Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Science 241, 58–62 (1988).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Morrison, S. J. & Weissman, I. L. The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype. Immunity 1, 661–673 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baum, C. M., Weissman, I. L., Tsukamoto, A. S., Buckle, A. M. & Peault, B. Isolation of a candidate human hematopoietic stem-cell population. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 2804–2808 (1992).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Osawa, M., Hanada, K., Hamada, H. & Nakauchi, H. Long-term lymphohematopoietic reconstitution by a single CD34-low/negative hematopoietic stem cell. Science 273, 242–245 (1996).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Akashi, K. & Weissman, I. L. in Developmental Biology of Hematopoiesis (ed. Zon, L. I.) 15–34 (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2001).
  Google Scholar
• Petersen, B. E. et al. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science 284, 1168–1170 (1999).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brazelton, T. R., Rossi, F. M. V., Keshet, G. I. & Blau, H. M. From marrow to brain: expression of neuronal phenotypes in adult mice. Science 290, 1775–1779 (2000).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mezey, E., Chandross, K. J., Harta, G., Maki, R. A. & McKercher, S. R. Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science 290, 1779–1782 (2000).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lagasse, E. et al. Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate to hepatocytes in vivo. Nature Med. 6, 1229–1234 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Krause, D. S. et al. Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow derived stem cell. Cell 105, 369–377 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Morrison, S. J., Wandycz, A. M., Hemmati, H. D., Wright, D. E. & Weissman, I. L. Identification of a lineage of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. Development 124, 1929–1939 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weissman, I. L. Translating stem and progenitor cell biology to the clinic: barriers and opportunities. Science 287, 1442–1446 (2000).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miller, C. L. & Eaves, C. J. Expansion in vitro of adult murine hematopoietic stem cells with transplantable lympho-myeloid reconstituting ability. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13648–13653 (1997).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Domen, J., Gandy, K. L. & Weissman, I. L. Systemic overexpression of BCL-2 in the hematopoietic system protects transgenic mice from the consequences of lethal irradiation. Blood 91, 2272–2282 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Domen, J. & Weissman, I. L. Hematopoietic stem cells need two signals to prevent apoptosis; BCL-2 can provide one of these, Kitl/c-Kit signaling the other. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1707–1718 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Taipale, J. & Beachy, P. A. The Hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways in cancer. Nature 411, 349–354 (2001).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Varnum-Finney, B. et al. Pluripotent, cytokine-dependent, hematopoietic stem cells are immortalized by constitutive Notch1 signaling. Nature Med. 6, 1278–1281 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Karanu, F. N. et al. The Notch ligand Jagged-1 represents a novel growth factor of human hematopoietic stem cells. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1365–1372 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj, G. et al. Sonic hedgehog induces the proliferation of primitive human hematopoietic cells via BMP regulation. Nature Immunol. 2, 172–180 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Nusse, R. & Varmus, H. E. Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell 31, 99–109 (1982).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cadigan, K. M. & Nusse, R. Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development. Genes Dev. 11, 3286–3305 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Reya, T. et al. Wnt signaling regulates B lymphocyte proliferation through a LEF-1 dependent mechanism. Immunity 13, 15–24 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Austin, T. W., Solar, G. P., Ziegler, F. C., Liem, L. & Matthews, W. A role for the Wnt gene family in hematopoiesis: expansion of multilineage progenitor cells. Blood 89, 3624–3635 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Van Den Berg, D. J., Sharma, A. K., Bruno, E. & Hoffman, R. Role of members of the Wnt gene family in human hematopoiesis. Blood 92, 3189–3202 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhu, A. J. & Watt, F. M. β-catenin signalling modulates proliferative potential of human epidermal keratinocytes independently of intercellular adhesion. Development 126, 2285–2298 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gat, U., DasGupta, R., Degenstein, L. & Fuchs, E. De novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated β-catenin in skin. Cell 95, 605–614 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Korinek, V. et al. Depletion of epithelia stem-cell compartments in the small intestine of mice lacking Tcf-4. Nature Genet. 19, 1–5 (1998).
  Article Google Scholar
• Sell, S. & Pierce, G. B. Maturation arrest of stem cell differentiation is a common pathway for the cellular origin of teratocarcinomas and epithelial cancers. Lab. Invest. 70, 6–22 (1994).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sawyers, C., Denny, C. & Witte, O. Leukemia and the disruption of normal hematopoiesis. Cell 64, 337–350 (1991).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kondo, M., Weissman, I. L. & Akashi, K. Identification of clonogenic common lymphoid progenitors in mouse bone marrow. Cell 91, 661–672 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bonnet, D. & Dick, J. E. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nature Med. 3, 730–737 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miyamoto, T., Weissman, I. L. & Akashi, K. AML1/ETO-expressing nonleukemic stem cells in acute myelogenous leukemia with 8;21 chromosomal translocation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 7521–7526 (2000).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• George, A. A. et al. Detection of leukemic cells in the CD34+CD38− bone marrow progenitor population in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 97, 3925–3930 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mauro, M. J. & Druker, B. J. Chronic myelogenous leukemia. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 13, 3–7 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lagasse, E. & Weissman, I. L. bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis of neutrophils but not their engulfment by macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1047–1052 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Traver, D., Akashi, K., Weissman, I. L. & Lagasse, E. Mice defective in two apoptosis pathways in the myeloid lineage develop acute myeloblastic leukemia. Immunity 9, 47–57 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Polakis, P. Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev. 14, 1837–1851 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tsukamoto, A., Grosschedl, R., Guzman, R., Parslow, T. & Varmus, H. E. Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell 55, 619–625 (1988).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weissman, I. L. & Baird, S. in Neoplastic Transformation: Mechanisms and Consequences (ed. Korprowski, H.) 135–152 (Dahlem Conferenzen, Berlin, 1977).
  Google Scholar
• McGrath, M. S. & Weissman, I. L. AKR leukemogenesis: identification and biological significance of thymic lymphoma receptors for AKR retroviruses. Cell 17, 65–75 (1979).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McGrath, M. S., Pillemer, E. & Weissman, I. L. Murine leukaemogenesis: monoclonal antibodies to T-cell determinants arrest T-lymphoma cell proliferation. Nature 285, 259–261 (1980).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Quinn, E. R. et al. The B cell receptor of a hepatitis C virus associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma binds the viral E-2 envelope protein, implicating immunoglobulin activation in lymphomagenesis. Blood (in the press).
• O'Neill, H. C., McGrath, M. S., Allison, J. P. & Weissman, I. L. A subset of T cell receptors associated with L3T4 molecules mediates C6VL leukemia cell binding of its cognate retrovirus. Cell 49, 143–151 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Morrison, S. J., Shah, N. M. & Anderson, D. J. Regulatory mechanisms in stem cell biology. Cell 88, 287–298 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kummermehr, J. & Trott, K.-R. in Stem Cells (ed. Potten, C. S.) 363–399 (Academic, New York, 1997).
  Book Google Scholar
• Fidler, I. J. & Kripke, M. L. Metastasis results from preexisting variant cells within a malignant tumor. Science 197, 893–895 (1977).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fidler, I. J. & Hart, I. R. Biological diversity in metastatic neoplasms: origins and implications. Science 217, 998–1003 (1982).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heppner, G. H. Tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Res. 44, 2259–2265 (1984).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nowell, P. C. Mechanisms of tumor progression. Cancer Res. 46, 2203–2207 (1986).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nowell, P. C. A minute chromosome in human granulocytic leukemia. Science 132, 1497 (1960).
  Google Scholar
• Fialkow, P. J. Clonal origin of human tumors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 458, 283–321 (1976).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fearon, E. R., Hamilton, S. R. & Vogelstein, B. Clonal analysis of human colorectal tumors. Science 238, 193–197 (1987).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Park, C. H., Bergsagel, D. E. & McCulloch, E. A. Mouse myeloma tumor stem cells: a primary cell culture assay. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 46, 411–422 (1971).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bruce, W. R. & Gaag, H. v. d. A quantitative assay for the number of murine lymphoma cells capable of proliferation in vivo. Nature 199, 79–80 (1963).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wodinsky, I., Swiniarski, J. & Kensler, C. J. Spleen colony studies of leukemia L1210. I. Growth kinetics of lymphocytic L1210 cells in vivo as determined by spleen colony assay. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 51, 415–421 (1967).
  Google Scholar
• Bergsagel, D. E. & Valeriote, F. A. Growth characteristics of a mouse plasma cell tumor. Cancer Res. 28, 2187–2196 (1968).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bonnet, D. & Dick, J. E. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nature Med. 3, 730–737 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Southam, C. M. & Brunschwig, A. Quantitative studies of autotransplantation of human cancer. Cancer 14, 971–978 (1961).
  Article Google Scholar
• Hamburger, A. W. & Salmon, S. E. Primary bioassay of human tumor stem cells. Science 197, 461–463 (1977).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Salsbury, A. J. The significance of the circulating cancer cell. Cancer Treatment Rev. 2, 55–72 (1975).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Williams, S. D. Treatment of disseminated germ cell tumors with cisplatin, bleomycin, and either vinblastine or etoposide. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 1435–1439 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stockler, M., Wilcken, N. R. C., Ghersi, D. & Simes, R. J. Systematic reviews of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Rev. 26, 151–168 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lippman, M. E. High-dose chemotherapy plus autologous bone marrow transplantation for metastatic breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1119–1120 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Harrison, D. E. & Lerner, C. P. Most primitive hematopoietic stem cells are stimulated to cycle rapidly after treatment with 5-fluorouracil. Blood 78, 1237–1240 (1991).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bouwens, L. & DeBlay, E. Islet morphogenesis and stem cell markers in rat pancreas. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 44, 947–951 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Peters, R., Leyvraz, S. & Perey, L. Apoptotic regulation in primitive hematopoietic precursors. Blood 92, 2041–2052 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Domen, J., Gandy, K. L. & Weissman, I. L. Systemic overexpression of BCL-2 in the hematopoietic system protects transgenic mice from the consequences of lethal irradiation. Blood 91, 2272–2282 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Feuerhake, F., Sigg, W., Hofter, E. A., Dimpfl, T. & Welsch, U. Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 and Bax expression in relation to cell turnover and epithelial differentiation markers in the non-lactating human mammary gland epithelium. Cell Tissue Res. 299, 47–58 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhou, S. et al. The ABC transporter Bcrp1/ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nature Med. 7, 1028–1034 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Terskikh, A. V. et al. From hematopoiesis to neuropoiesis: evidence of overlapping genetic programs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7934–7939. (2001).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bittner, M. et al. Molecular classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma by gene expression profiling. Nature 406, 536–540 (2000).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Perou, C. M. et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 406, 747–752 (2000).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Alizadeh, A. A. et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 403, 503–511 (2000).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Golub, T. R. Genome-wide views of cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 601–602 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sgroi, D. C. et al. In vivo gene expression profile analysis of human breast cancer progression. Cancer Res. 59, 5656–5661 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Leethanakul, C. et al. Distinct pattern of expression of differentiation and growth-related genes in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck revealed by the use of laser capture microdissection and cDNA arrays. Oncogene 19, 3220–3224 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kogan, S. C. et al. BCL-2 cooperates with promyelocytic leukemia retinoic acid receptor α chimeric protein (PMLRARα) to block neutrophil differentiation and initiate acute leukemia. J. Exp. Med. 193, 531–543 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Wechsler-Reya, R. J. & Scott, M. P. Control of neuronal precursor proliferation in the cerebellum by Sonic Hedgehog. Neuron 22, 103–114 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. & Kalderon, D. Hedgehog acts as a somatic stem cell factor in the Drosophila ovary. Nature 410, 599–604 (2001).
  Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Henrique, D. et al. Maintenance of neuroepithelial progenitor cells by Delta-Notch signalling in the embryonic chick retina. Curr. Biol. 7, 661–670 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Austin, J. & Kimble, J. glp-1 is required in the germ line for regulation of the decision between mitosis and meiosis in C. elegans. Cell 51, 589–599 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chan, E. F., Gat, U., McNiff, J. M. & Fuchs, E. A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in β-catenin. Nature Genet. 21, 410–413 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wechsler-Reya, R. & Scott, M. P. The developmental biology of brain tumors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 385–428 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gailani, M. R. & Bale, A. E. Acquired and inherited basal cell carcinomas and the patched gene. Adv. Dermatol. 14, 261–283 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ellisen, L. W. et al. TAN-1, the human homolog of the Drosophila notch gene, is broken by chromosomal translocations in T lymphoblastic neoplasms. Cell 66, 649–661 (1991).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar