Weaker Gulf Stream in the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum (original) (raw)

References

  1. Schmitz,W. J. & McCartney,M. S. On the North Atlantic Circulation. Rev. Geophys. 31, 29–49 (1993).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  2. Wust,G. Florida und Antillenstrom: Eine hydrodynamische Untersuchung. Geographischnaturwiss, Reihe 12, 48 (1924).
    Google Scholar
  3. Lynch-Stieglitz,J., Currey,W. & Slowey,N. A geostrophic transport estimate for the Florida Current from oxygen isotope composition of benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography 14, 360–373 (1999).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  4. Larsen,J. C. Transport and heat-flux of the Florida Current at 27-degrees-N derived from cross-stream voltages and profiling data—Theory and observations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 338, 169–236 (1992).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  5. Kim,S. T. & O'Neil,J. R. Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 3461–3475 (1997).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  6. Craig,H. & Gordon,L. I. in Pro. 3rd Spoleto Conf., Spoleto, Italy (ed. Tongiori, E.) 9–130 (Sischi and Figli, Pisa, 1965).
    Google Scholar
  7. Slowey,N. C. & Curry,W. B. Glacial-interglacial differences in circulation and carbon cycling within the upper western North-Atlantic. Paleoceanography 10, 715–732 (1995).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  8. Haddad,G. A. & Droxler,A. W. Metastable CaCO3 dissolution at intermediate water depths of the Caribbean and western North Atlantic: Implications for intermediate water circulation during the past 200,000 years. Paleoceanography 11, 701–716 (1996).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  9. Marchitto,T. M., Curry,W. B. & Oppo,D. W. Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation. Nature 393, 557–561 (1998).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  10. Kutzbach,J. et al. Climate and biome simulations for the past 21,000 years. Quat. Sci. Rev. 17, 473–506 (1998).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  11. Seidov,D., Sarnthein,M., Strattegger,K., Prien,R. & Weinelt,M. North Atlantic ocean circulation during the last glacial maximum and subsequent meltwater event: A numerical model. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 16305–16332 (1996).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  12. Boyle,E. A. & Keigwin,L. D. North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the last 20,000 years linked to high latitude surface temperature. Nature 330, 35–40 (1987).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  13. Duplessy,J.-C. et al. Deepwater source variation during the last climatic cycle and their impact on global deepwater circulation. Paleoceanography 3, 343–360 (1988).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  14. Sarnthein,M. et al. Changes in east Atlantic deep-water circulation over the last 30,000 years—8 time slice reconstructions. Paleoceanography 9, 209–267 (1994).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  15. Oppo,D. W. & Lehman,S. J. Mid-depth circulation of the subpolar North-Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science 259, 1148–1152 (1993).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  16. Fichefet,T., Hovine,S. & Duplessy,J.-C. A model study of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the last glacial maximum. Nature 372, 252–255 (1994).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  17. Ganopolski,A., Rahmstorf,S., Petoukhov,V. & Claussen,M. Stimulation of modern and glacial climates with a coupled global model of intermediate complexity. Nature 391, 351–356 (1998).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  18. Sigman,D. M. & Lehman,S. J. in American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting (AGU, San Francisco, California, 1995).
    Google Scholar
  19. Yu,E. F., Francois,R. & Bacon,M. P. Similar rates of modern and last-glacial ocean thermohaline circulation inferred from radiochemical data. Nature 379, 689–694 (1996).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  20. Lynch-Stieglitz,J., vanGeen,A. & Fairbanks,R. G. Interocean exchange of Glacial North Atlantic intermediate water: Evidence from Subantarctic Cd/Ca and carbon isotope measurements. Paleoceanography 11, 191–201 (1996).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  21. Winguth,A. M. E., Archer,D., Duplessy,J.-C., Maier-Reimer,E. & Mikolajewicz,U. Sensitivity of paleonutrient tracer distributions and deep-sea circulation to glacial boundary conditions. Paleoceanography 14, 304–323 (1999).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  22. McIntyre,A. et al. in Investigation of Late Quaternary Paleo-Oceanography and Paleoclimatology (eds Cline, R. M. & Hays, J. D.) 43–76 (The Geological Society of America, Boulder, 1976).
    Book Google Scholar
  23. Labeyrie,L. D. et al. Changes in the vertical structure of the North-Atlantic Ocean between glacial and modern times. Quat. Sci. Rev. 11, 401–413 (1992).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  24. Curry,W. B. in The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation (eds Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Siedler, G. & Webb, D.) (Springer, New York, 1996).
    Google Scholar
  25. Slowey,N. C. & Curry,W. B. Enhanced ventilation of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre thermocline during the last glaciation. Nature 358, 665–668 (1992).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  26. Fairbanks,R. G. A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea-level record—Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas Event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature 342, 637–642 (1989).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  27. Schrag,D. P., Hampt,G. & Murray,D. W. Pore fluid constraints on the temperature and oxygen isotopic composition of the glacial ocean. Science 272, 1930–1932 (1996).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  28. Joussaume,S. & Jouzel,J. Paleoclimatic tracers—An investigation using an atmospheric general-circulation model under ice-age conditions. 2. Water isotopes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 98, 2807–2830 (1993).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  29. Levitus,S. & Boyer,T. P. World Ocean Atlas 1994 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington DC, 1994).
    Google Scholar
  30. Leaman,K. D., Johns,E. & Rossby,T. The average distribution of volume transport and potential vorticity with temperature at 3 sections across the Gulf-Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 36–51 (1989).
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  31. Slowey,N. C. et al. Glacial to Holocene sedimentation on the western slope of Great Bahama Bank. Geo-Mar. Lett. (submitted).

Download references