- Price, R.W. et al. The brain in AIDS: central nervous system HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia complex. Science 239, 586–592 (1988).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Lee, S.C. et al. Productive infection of human fetal microglia by HIV-1. Am. J. Pathol. 143, 1032–1039 (1993).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- He, J., deCastro, C.M., Vandenbark, G.R., Busciglio, J. & Gabuzda, D. Astrocyte apoptosis induced by HIV-1 transactivation of the c-kit protooncogene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3954–3959 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Gendelman, H.E., Lipton, S.A., Tardieu, M., Bukrinsky, M.I. & Nottet, H.S. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J. Leukoc. Biol. 56, 389–398 (1994).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sabatier, J.M. et al. Evidence for neurotoxic activity of tat from human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 65, 961–967 (1991).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kruman, II, Nath, A. & Mattson, M.P. HIV-1 protein Tat induces apoptosis of hippocampal neurons by a mechanism involving caspase activation, calcium overload, and oxidative stress. Exp. Neurol. 154, 276–288 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Chang, H.C., Samaniego, F., Nair, B.C., Buonaguro, L. & Ensoli, B. HIV-1 Tat protein exits from cells via a leaderless secretory pathway and binds to extracellular matrix-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans through its basic region. AIDS 11, 1421–1431 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ensoli, B. et al. Release, uptake, and effects of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein on cell growth and viral transactivation. J. Virol. 67, 277–287 (1993).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- New, D.R., Maggirwar, S.B., Epstein, L.G., Dewhurst, S. & Gelbard, H.A. HIV-1 Tat induces neuronal death via tumor necrosis factor-alpha and activation of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by a NFkappaB- independent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 17852–17858 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Jones, M., Olafson, K., Del Bigio, M.R., Peeling, J. & Nath, A. Intraventricular injection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV- 1) tat protein causes inflammation, gliosis, apoptosis, and ventricular enlargement. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57, 563–570 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Rappaport, J. et al. Molecular pathway involved in HIV-1-induced CNS pathology: role of viral regulatory protein, Tat. J. Leukoc. Biol. 65, 458–465 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Marcuzzi, A., Weinberger, J. & Weinberger, O.K. Transcellular activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat in cocultured lymphocytes. J. Virol. 66, 4228–4232 (1992).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Milani, D. et al. Influence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein on the proliferation and differentiation of PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. J. Gen. Virol. 74, 2587–2594 (1993).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kolson, D.L. et al. HIV-1 Tat alters normal organization of neurons and astrocytes in primary rodent brain cell cultures: RGD sequence dependence. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9, 677–685 (1993).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Barillari, G., Gendelman, R., Gallo, R.C. & Ensoli, B. The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, a growth factor for AIDS Kaposi sarcoma and cytokine-activated vascular cells, induces adhesion of the same cell types by using integrin receptors recognizing the RGD amino acid sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7941–7945 (1993).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Strickland, D.K., Kounnas, M.Z. & Argraves, W.S. LDL receptor-related protein: a multiligand receptor for lipoprotein and proteinase catabolism. FASEB J. 9, 890–898 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Krieger, M. & Herz, J. Structures and functions of multiligand lipoprotein receptors: macrophage scavenger receptors and LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 601–637 (1994).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Rhim, H., Echetebu, C.O., Herrmann, C.H. & Rice, A.P. Wild-type and mutant HIV-1 and HIV-2 Tat proteins expressed in Escherichia coli as fusions with glutathione S-transferase. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 7, 1116–1121 (1994).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Bu, G. & Rennke, S. Receptor-associated protein is a folding chaperone for low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22218–22224 (1996).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Mann, D.A. & Frankel, A.D. Endocytosis and targeting of exogenous HIV-1 Tat protein. EMBO J. 10, 1733–1739 (1991).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Rusnati, M. et al. Interaction of HIV-1 Tat protein with heparin. Role of the backbone structure, sulfation, and size. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 11313–11320 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- FitzGerald, D.J. et al. Pseudomonas exotoxin-mediated selection yields cells with altered expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. J. Cell Biol. 129, 1533–1541 (1995); erratum 130, 1015 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Esko, J.D., Rostand, K.S. & Weinke, J.L. Tumor formation dependent on proteoglycan biosynthesis. Science 241, 1092–1096 (1988).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Westendorp, M.O. et al. Sensitization of T cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis by HIV-1 Tat and gp120. Nature 375, 497–500 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Howard, G.C., Misra, U.K., DeCamp, D.L. & Pizzo, S.V. Altered interaction of Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)—modified α2-macroglobulin (α2M) with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/α2M receptor but not the α2M signaling receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 1193–1203 (1996).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Narita, M., Holtzman, D.M., Schwartz, A.L. & Bu, G. Alpha2-macroglobulin complexes with and mediates the endocytosis of β-amyloid peptide via cell surface low-density lipoprotein receptor- related protein. J. Neurochem. 69, 1904–1911 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Raghavan, R. et al. Neuropathogenesis of chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection in pig-tailed and rhesus macaques. Brain Pathol. 7, 851–861 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kruman, I.I. et al. Evidence that Par-4 participates in the pathogenesis of HIV encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol. 155, 39–46 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Hudson, L. et al. Detection of the human immunodeficiency virus regulatory protein tat in CNS tissues. J. Neurovirol. 6, 145–155 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Liu, Z.Q. et al. Derivation and biological characterization of a molecular clone of SHIV(KU-2) that causes AIDS, neurological disease, and renal disease in rhesus macaques. Virology 260, 295–307 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kang, J. et al. The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 325, 733–736 (1987).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Masters, C.L. et al. Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 4245–4249 (1985).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Bu, G., Maksymovitch, E.A., Nerbonne, J.M. & Schwartz, A.L. Expression and function of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) in mammalian central neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18521–18528 (1994).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Higuchi, M. et al. Expression of the α2-macroglobulin-encoding gene in rat brain and cultured astrocytes. Gene 141, 155–162 (1994).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Mouchel, Y., Lefrancois, T., Fages, C. & Tardy, M. Apolipoprotein E gene expression in astrocytes: developmental pattern and regulation. Neuroreport 7, 205–208 (1995).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Banati, R.B. et al. Early and rapid de novo synthesis of Alzheimer β A4-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in activated microglia. Glia 9, 199–210 (1993).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Higgins, L.S., Rodems, J.M., Catalano, R., Quon, D. & Cordell, B. Early Alzheimer disease-like histopathology increases in frequency with age in mice transgenic for beta-APP751. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4402–4406 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sturchler-Pierrat, C. et al. Two amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse models with Alzheimer disease-like pathology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 994, 13287–13292 (1997).
Article Google Scholar
- Giometto, B. et al. Accumulation of β-amyloid precursor protein in HIV encephalitis: relationship with neuropsychological abnormalities. Ann. Neurol. 42, 34–40 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- An, S.F. et al. Axonal damage revealed by accumulation of β-APP in HIV-positive individuals without AIDS. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56, 1262–1268 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Raja, F., Sherriff, F.E., Morris, C.S., Bridges, L.R. & Esiri, M.M. Cerebral white matter damage in HIV infection demonstrated using beta- amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 93, 184–189 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kounnas, M.Z. et al. LDL receptor-related protein, a multifunctional ApoE receptor, binds secreted β-amyloid precursor protein and mediates its degradation. Cell 82, 331–340 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Magnuson, D.S., Knudsen, B.E., Geiger, J.D., Brownstone, R.M. & Nath, A. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat activates non-N-methyl-D- aspartate excitatory amino acid receptors and causes neurotoxicity. Ann. Neurol. 37, 373–380 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Fields, S. & Sternglanz, R. The two-hybrid system: an assay for protein-protein interactions. Trends Genet. 10, 286–292 (1994).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sodroski, J. et al. Trans-acting transcriptional regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type III long terminal repeat. Science 227, 171–173 (1985).
Article CAS Google Scholar