In vivo measurement of gene expression, angiogenesis and physiological function in tumors using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (original) (raw)

References

  1. Jain, R.K., Munn, L.L. & Fukumura, D. Transparent window models and intravital microscopy: Imaging gene expression, physiological function and drug delivery in tumors. in Tumor Models in Cancer (ed. Teicher, B.) (Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, 2001).
    Google Scholar
  2. Carmeliet, P. & Jain, R.K. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407, 249–257 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  3. Denk, W., Strickler, J.H. & Webb, W.W. Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science 248, 73–76 (1990).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  4. Kleinfeld, D., Mitra, P.P., Helmchen, F. & Denk, W. Fluctuations and stimulus-induced changes in blood flow observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15741–15746 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. Squirrell, J.M., Wokosin, D.L., White, J.G. & Bavister, B.D. Long-term two-photon fluorescence imaging of mammalian embryos without compromising viability. Nature Biotechnol. 17, 763–767 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  6. Fukumura, D. et al. Tumor induction of VEGF promoter activity in stromal cells. Cell 94, 715–725 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Carmeliet, P. et al. Role of HIF-1alpha in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis [published erratum appears in Nature 395, 525 (1998)] Nature 394, 485–490 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  8. Yu, J., Rak, J., Carmeliet, P., Nagy, A., Kerbel, R. & Coomber, B. Heterogeneous vascular dependence of tumor cell populations. Am. J. Pathol. 158, 1325–1334 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Yuan, F. et al. Time-dependent vascular regression and permeability changes in established human tumor xenografts induced by an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14765–14770 (1996).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  10. Endrich, B., Reinhold, H.S., Gross, J.F. & Intaglietta, M. Tissue perfusion inhomogeneity during early tumor growth in rats. J Natl. Cancer Inst. 62, 387–395. (1979).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  11. Leunig, M. et al. Angiogenesis, microvascular architecture, microhemodynamics, and interstitial fluid pressure during early growth of human adenocarcinoma LS174T in SCID mice. Cancer Res. 52, 6553–6560 (1992).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  12. Jain, R.K. et al. Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and angiogenesis in tumors. Cancer Metastasis Revs. 15, 195–204 (1996).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  13. Fukumura, D., Yuan, F., Endo, M. & Jain, R.K. Role of nitric oxide in tumor microcirculation. Blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Am. J. Pathol. 150, 713–725 (1997).
    CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
  14. Kim, K., Buehler, C. & So, P. High-speed, two-photon scanning microscope. Appl. Optics 38, 6004–6009 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  15. Lichtenbeld, H., Yuan, F., Michel, C. & Jain, R.K. Perfusion of single tumor microvessels: Application to vascular permeability measurement. Microcirculation 3, 349–357 (1996).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  16. Helmlinger, G., Yuan, F., Dellian, M. & Jain, R.K. Interstitial pH and pO2 gradients in solid tumors in vivo: High-resolution measurements reveal a lack of correlation. Nature Med. 3, 177–182 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Brown, E.B., Wu, E.S., Zipfel, W. & Webb, W.W. Measurement of molecular diffusion in solution by multiphoton fluorescence photobleaching recovery. Biophys. J. 77, 2837–2849 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  18. Berk, D.A., Yuan, F., Leunig, M. & Jain, R.K. Direct in vivo measurement of targeted binding in a human tumor xenograft. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1785–1790 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  19. Naumov, G.N. et al. Cellular expression of green fluorescent protein, coupled with high-resolution in vivo videomicroscopy, to monitor steps in tumor metastasis. J. Cell Sci. 112, 1835–1842. (1999).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  20. Wong, C.W. et al. Apoptosis: An early event in metastatic inefficiency. Cancer Res. 61, 333–338. (2001).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Download references