Mortality and disability: the effect of overweight and obesity (original) (raw)

• WHO. European Action plan on food and nutrition policy 2007–2012. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E91153.pdf, accessed on September 18, 2009.
• Visscher TL, Kromhout D, Seidell JC . Long-term and recent time trends in the prevalence of obesity among Dutch men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1218–1224.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schokker DF, Visscher TLS, Nooyens ACJ, Baak MAv, Seidell JC . Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Netherlands. Obes Rev 2007; 8: 101–107.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Mamun AA, Bonneux L et al. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 24–32.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, Layden J, Carnes BA, Brody J et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1138–1145.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB . Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA 2003; 289: 187–193.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH . Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2005; 293: 1861–1867.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grabowski DC, Ellis JE . High body mass index does not predict mortality in older people: analysis of the longitudinal study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 968–979.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Al Snih S, Ottenbacher KJ, Markides KS, Kuo Y-F, Eschbach K, Goodwin JS . The effect of obesity on disability vs mortality in older Americans. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 774–780.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Diehr P, Bild DE, Harris TB, Duxbury A, Siscovick D, Rossi M . Body mass index and mortality in nonsmoking older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Public Health 1998; 88: 623–629.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Diehr P, O’Meara ES, Fitzpatrick A, Newman AB, Kuller L, Burke G . Weight, mortality, years of healthy life, and active life expectancy in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 76–83.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ferraro KF, Su Y-p, Gretebeck RJ, Black DR, Badylak SF . Body mass index and disability in adulthood: a 20-year Panel Study. Am J Public Health 2002; 92: 834–840.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Tas Ü, Verhagen AP, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Hofman A, Odding E, Pols HAP et al. Incidence and risk factors of disability in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Prev Med 2007; 44: 272–278.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Fries JF . Compression of morbidity in the elderly. Vaccine 2000; 18: 1584–1589.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Peeters A, Bonneux L, Nusselder WJ, De Laet C, Barendregt JJ . Adult obesity and the burden of disability throughout life. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1145–1151.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Reynolds SL, Saito Y, Crimmins EM . The impact of obesity on active life expectancy in older American men and women. Gerontologist 2005; 45: 438–444.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Reuser M, Bonneux LG, Willekens FJ . Smoking kills, obesity disables: a multistate approach of the US Health and Retirement Survey. Obesity 2009; 17: 783–789.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Alley DE, Chang VW . The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988–2004. JAMA 2007; 298: 2020–2027.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Visscher TL, Seidell JC, Molarius A, van der Kuip D, Hofman A, Witteman JC . A comparison of body mass index, waist-hip ratio and waist circumference as predictors of all-cause mortality among the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1730–1735.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Han TS, van Leer EM, Seidell JC, Lean ME . Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in a random sample. BMJ 1995; 311: 1401–1405.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R . Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 379–384.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hofman A, Breteler M, van Duijn C, Krestin G, Pols H, Stricker B et al. The Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update. Eur J Epidemio 2007; 22: 819–829.
  Article Google Scholar
• Consultation WHOE. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004; 363: 157–163.
  Article Google Scholar
• Lean MEJ, Han TS, Morrison CE . Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. BMJ 1995; 311: 158–161.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Fries JF, Spitz PW, Young DY . The dimensions of health outcomes: the health assessment questionnaire, disability and pain scales. J Rheumatol 1982; 9: 789–793.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bruce B, Fries JF . The Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire: a review of its history, issues, progress, and documentation. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 167–178.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Jackson C . Multi-State Modelling with R: The Msm Package. Medial Reasearch Council Biostatistics Unit: Cambridge, UK, 2007.
  Google Scholar
• Team, RDC . R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2008.
  Google Scholar
• Miettinen OS . Theoretical Epidemiology. Wiley: New York, 1985.
  Google Scholar
• Greenland S, Finkle WD . A critical look at methods for handling missing covariates in epidemiologic regression analyses. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142: 1255–1264.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hu FB, Willett WC, Li T, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Manson JE . Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2694–2703.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nusselder WJ, Looman CW, Mackenbach JP . Nondisease factors affected trajectories of disability in a prospective study. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58: 484–494.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Solomon CG, Manson JE . Obesity and mortality: a review of the epidemiologic data. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66 (4 Suppl): 1044S–1050S.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Zoico E, Harris TB, Meigs JB, Di Francesco V et al. Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2005; 29: 1011–1029.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Doblhammer G, Hoffmann R, Muth E, Westphal C, Kruse A . MicMac—Bridging the Micro-Macro Gap in Population Forecasting Deliverable 17—The Effects of Age, Sex, Education, Marital Status Obesity and Smoking on Disability and Mortality: A Systematic Literature Review 2006. Available at: http://www.wiwi.uni-rostock.de/fileadmin/Institute/ISD/Lehrstuhl_EmpSozialforschung/Forschungsprojekte/MicMac_D18_Trends_in_morbidity_and_mortality.pdf, accessed on September 17, 2009.
• Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 763–778.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baik I, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ et al. Adiposity and mortality in men. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 264–271.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hedlund J, Hansson LO, Ortqvist A . Short- and long-term prognosis for middle-aged and elderly patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: impact of nutritional and inflammatory factors. Scand J Infect Dis 1995; 27: 32–37.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Peake SL, Moran JL, Ghelani DR, Lloyd AJ, Walker MJ . The effect of obesity on 12-month survival following admission to intensive care: a prospective study. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 2929–2939.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Tremblay A, Bandi V . Impact of body mass index on outcomes following critical care. Chest 2003; 123: 1202–1207.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ray DE, Matchett SC, Baker K, Wasser T, Young MJ . The effect of body mass index on patient outcomes in a medical ICU. Chest 2005; 127: 2125–2131.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Goulenok C, Monchi M, Chiche J-D, Mira J-P, Dhainaut J-F, Cariou A . Influence of overweight on ICU mortality: a prospective study. Chest 2004; 125: 1441–1445.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Koster A, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A, Mouw T, Adams KF, van Eijk JTM et al. Waist circumference and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167: 1465–1475.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Dolan CM, Kraemer H, Browner W, Ensrud K, Kelsey JL . Associations between body composition, anthropometry, and mortality in women aged 65 years and older. Am J Public Health 2007; 97: 913–918.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Folsom AR, Kushi LH, Anderson KE, Mink PJ, Olson JE, Hong CP et al. Associations of general and abdominal obesity with multiple health outcomes in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2117–2128.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Price GM, Uauy R, Breeze E, Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher AE . Weight, shape, and mortality risk in older persons: elevated waist-hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 449–460.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health NH. Lung, and blood institute, clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults--The evidence report. National institutes of health. Obes Res 1998; 6 (Suppl 2): 51S–209S.
  Google Scholar
• Johnson RJ, Wolinsky FD . The structure of health status among older adults: disease, disability, functional limitation, and perceived health. J Health Soc Behav 1993; 34: 105–121.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Anandacoomarasamy A, Caterson I, Sambrook P, Fransen M, March L . The impact of obesity on the musculoskeletal system. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 211–222.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Oman D, Reed D, Ferrara A . Do elderly women have more physical disability than men do? Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150: 834–842.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Beckett LA, Brock DB, Lemke JH, de Leon CFM, Guralnik JM, Fillenbaum GG et al. Analysis of change in self-reported physical function among older persons in four population studies. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 766–778.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Oksuzyan A, Juel K, Vaupel JW, Christensen K . Men: good health and high mortality. Sex differences in health and aging. Aging Clin Exp Res 2008; 20: 91–102.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar