Elia M . Obesity in the elderly. Obesity 2001; 9: 244S–248S. Google Scholar
Oreopoulos A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Sharma AM, Fonarow GC . The obesity paradox in the elderly: potential mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Geriatr Med 2009; 25: 643–659, viii. PubMed Google Scholar
Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Zoico E, Harris TB, Meigs JB, Di Francesco V et al. Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2005; 29: 1011–1029. CAS Google Scholar
Arksey H, O’Malley L . Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 2005; 8: 19–32. Google Scholar
World Health Organization Expert Committee. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Technical Report Series, No 854. World Health Organization: Geneva, 1995. ISBN-13: 9789241208543.
Montague CT, O’Rahilly S . The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity. Diabetes 2000; 49: 883–888. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rasouli N, Molavi B, Elbein SC, Kern PA . Ectopic fat accumulation and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9: 1–10. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Montani J-P, Carroll JF, Dwyer TM, Antic V, Yang Z, Dulloo AG . Ectopic fat storage in heart, blood vessels and kidneys in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: S58–S65. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Forouhi NG, Jenkinson G, Thomas EL, Mullick S, Mierisova S, Bhonsle U et al. Relation of triglyceride stores in skeletal muscle cells to central obesity and insulin sensitivity in European and South Asian men. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 932–935. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hulver MW, Berggren JR, Cortright RN, Dudek RW, Thompson RP, Pories WJ et al. Skeletal muscle lipid metabolism with obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284: E741–E747. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kotronen A, Vehkavaara S, Seppala-Lindroos A, Bergholm R, Yki-Jarvinen H . Effect of liver fat on insulin clearance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293: E1709–E1715. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yki-Jarvinen H . Fat in the liver and insulin resistance. Ann Med 2005; 37: 347–356. PubMed Google Scholar
Carpentier A, Mittelman SD, Bergman RN, Giacca A, Lewis GF . Prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids impairs pancreatic beta-cell function in obese nondiabetic humans but not in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2000; 49: 399–408. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins RL, Metzger GJ, Sartoni-D’Ambrosia G, Arbique D, Vongpatanasin W et al. Myocardial triglycerides and systolic function in humans: in vivo evaluation by localized proton spectroscopyand cardiac imaging. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 417–423. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sharma S, Adrogue JV, Golfman L, Uray I, Lemm J, Youker K et al. Intramyocardial lipid accumulation in the failing human heart resembles the lipotoxic rat heart. FASEB J 2004; 18: 1692–1700. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ott CE, Navar LG, Guyton AC . Pressures in static and dynamic states from capsules implanted in the kidney. Am J Physiol 1971; 221: 394–400. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lean MEJ, Han TS, Morrison CE . Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. BMJ 1995; 311: 158–161. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Perissinotto E, Pisent C, Sergi G, Grigoletto F . Anthropometric measurements in the elderly: age and gender differences. Br J Nutr 2002; 87: 177–186. CASPubMed Google Scholar
McTigue KM, Hess R, Ziouras J . Obesity in older adults: a systematic review of the evidence for diagnosis and treatment. Obesity 2006; 14: 1485–1497. PubMed Google Scholar
Uretsky S, Messerli F, Bangalore S, Cooper-DeHoff R, Zhou Q, Pepine C . Obesity paradox in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. Am J Med 2007; 120: 863–870. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Salihu H, Bonnema S, Alio A . Obesity: what is an elderly population growing into? Maturitas 2009; 63: 7–12. PubMed Google Scholar
Johannsen DL, Ravussin E . Obesity in the elderly: is faulty metabolism to blame? Aging Health 2010; 6: 159–167. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Andreyeva T, Michaud C, Soest A . Obesity and health in Europeans aged 50 years and older. Public Health 2007; 121: 497–509. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stenholm S, Harris TB, Rantanen T, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Ferrucci L . Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11: 693–700. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
McAuley PA, Kokkinos PF, Oliveira RB, Emerson BT, Myers JN . Obesity paradox and cardiorespiratory fitness in 12,417 male veterans aged 40 to 70 years. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85: 115–121. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Allison DB, Gallagher D, Heo M, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heymsfield SB . Body mass index and all-cause mortality among people age 70 and over: the longitudinal study of aging. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 424–431. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Grabowski DC, Ellis JE . High body mass index does not predict mortality in older people: analysis of the longitudinal study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 968–979. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Locher JL, Roth DL, Ritchie CS, Cox K, Sawyer P, Bodner EV et al. Body mass index, weight loss, and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62: 1389–1392. PubMed Google Scholar
Mazza A, Zamboni S, Tikhonoff V, Schiavon L, Pessina AC, Casiglia E . Body mass index and mortality in elderly men and women from general population. The experience of Cardiovascular Study in the Elderly (CASTEL). Gerontology 2007; 53: 36–45. PubMed Google Scholar
Flicker L, McCaul KA, Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Brown WJ, Byles JE et al. Body mass index and survival in men and women aged 70 to 75. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58: 234–241. PubMed Google Scholar
Keller HH, Ostbye T . Body mass index (BMI), BMI change and mortality in community-dwelling seniors without dementia. J Nutr Health Aging 2005; 9: 316–320. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R . Body mass index is inversely related to mortality in older people after adjustment for waist circumference. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 2112–2118. PubMed Google Scholar
Visscher T, Seidell J, Molarius A, van der Kip D, Hofman A, Witteman J . A comparison of body mass index, waist-hip ratio and waist circumference as predictors of all-cause mortality among the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Int J Obes 2001; 25: 1730–1735. CAS Google Scholar
Lean MEJ, Han TS, Morrison CE . Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. BMJ 1995; 311: 158–161. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Price GM, Uauy R, Breeze E, Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher AE . Weight, shape, and mortality risk in older persons: elevated waist-hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 449–460. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Srikanthan P, Seeman TE, Karlamangla AS . Waist-hip-ratio as a predictor of all-cause mortality in high-functioning older adults. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19: 724–731. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Auyeung TW, Lee JSW, Leung J, Kwok T, Leung PC, Woo J . Survival in older men may benefit from being slightly overweight and centrally obese--a 5-year follow-up study in 4000 older adults using DXA. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65A: 99–104. Google Scholar
Dey DK, Rothenberg E, Sundh V, Bosaeus I, Steen B . Body mass index, weight change and mortality in the elderly. A 15 y longitudinal population study of 70 y olds. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 482–492. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Arnold AM, Newman AB, Cushman M, Ding J, Kritchevsky S . Body weight dynamics and their association with physical function and mortality in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65A: 63–70. Google Scholar
Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, Goff DC, Murphy TP, Toto RD et al. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American heart association professional education committee of the council for high blood pressure research. Hypertension 2008; 51: 1403–1419. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Coker RH, Hays NP, Williams RH, Brown AD, Freeling SA, Kortebein PM et al. Exercise-induced changes in insulin action and glycogen metabolism in elderly adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 433–438. CASPubMed Google Scholar
McCarthy LH, Bigal ME, Katz M, Derby C, Lipton RB . Chronic pain and obesity in elderly people: results from the Einstein aging study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 115–119. PubMed Google Scholar
Jadelis K, Miller ME, Ettinger Jr WH, Messier SP . Strength, balance, and the modifying effects of obesity and knee pain: results from the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors (OASIS). J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 884–891. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Jinks C, Jordan K, Croft P . Disabling knee pain--another consequence of obesity: results from a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 258. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ray L, Lipton RB, Zimmerman ME, Katz MJ, Derby CA . Mechanisms of association between obesity and chronic pain in the elderly. Pain 2011; 152: 53–59. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Alley DE, Chang VW . The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988–2004. JAMA 2007; 298: 2020–2027. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gustafson D, Rothenberg E, Blennow K, Steen B, Skoog I . An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1524–1528. PubMed Google Scholar
Atti AR, Palmer K, Volpato S, Winblad B, De Ronchi D, Fratiglioni L . Late-life body mass index and dementia incidence: nine-year follow-up data from the Kungsholmen project. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 111–116. PubMed Google Scholar
Hughes TF, Borenstein AR, Schofield E, Wu Y, Larson EB . Association between late-life body mass index and dementia: The Kame Project. Neurology 2009; 72: 1741–1746. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y . Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 204–218. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Al Snih S, Ottenbacher KJ, Markides KS, Kuo YF, Eschbach K, Goodwin JS . The effect of obesity on disability vs mortality in older Americans. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 774–780. PubMed Google Scholar
Vincent HK, Vincent KR, Lamb KM . Obesity and mobility disability in the older adult. Obes Rev 2010; 11: 568–579. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Woo J, Leung J, Kwok T . BMI, body composition, and physical functioning in older adults. Obesity 2007; 15: 1886–1894. PubMed Google Scholar
Bannerman E, Millar M, Daniels L, Cobiac L, Giles L, Whitehead C et al. Anthropometric indices predict physical function and mobility in older Australians: the Australian longitudinal study of ageing. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 655–662. PubMed Google Scholar
Busetto L, Romanato G, Zambon S, Calo E, Zanoni S, Corti MC et al. The effects of weight changes after middle age on the rate of disability in an elderly population sample. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 1015–1021. PubMed Google Scholar
Chau D, Cho LM, Jani P, St Jeor ST . Individualizing recommendations for weight management in the elderly. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11: 27–31. PubMed Google Scholar
Miller SL, Wolfe RR . The danger of weight loss in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2008; 12: 487–491. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bales CW, Buhr G . Is obesity bad for older persons? A systematic review of the pros and cons of weight reduction in later life. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008; 9: 302–312. PubMed Google Scholar
Focht BC, Rejeski WJ, Ambrosius WT, Katula JA, Messier SP . Exercise, self-efficacy, and mobility performance in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 53: 659–665. PubMed Google Scholar
Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, Morgan TM, Rejeski WJ, Sevick MA et al. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 1501–1510. PubMed Google Scholar
Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Davis C, Loeser RF, Lenchik L, Messier SP . Intensive weight loss program improves physical function in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 1219–1230. Google Scholar
Chao D, Espeland MA, Farmer D, Register TC, Lenchik L, Applegate WB et al. Effect of voluntary weight loss on bone mineral density in older overweight women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 753–759. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kumanyika SK, Espeland MA, Bahnson JL, Bottom JB, Charleston JB, Folmar S et al. Ethnic comparison of weight loss in the trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly. Obesity 2002; 10: 96–106. Google Scholar
Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger Jr WH, Kostis JB et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 1998; 279: 839–846. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Villareal DT, Banks M, Siener C, Sinacore DR, Klein S . Physical frailty and body composition in obese elderly men and women. Obesity 2004; 12: 913–920. Google Scholar
Villareal DT, Banks M, Sinacore DR, Siener C, Klein S . Effect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adults. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 860–866. PubMed Google Scholar
Villareal DT, Miller BV, Banks M, Fontana L, Sinacore DR, Klein S . Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 1317–1323. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J et al. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1729–1736. PubMed Google Scholar
Nicklas BJ, Wang X, You T, Lyles MF, Demons J, Easter L et al. Effect of exercise intensity on abdominal fat loss during calorie restriction in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1043–1052. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Coker RH, Williams RH, Kortebein PM, Sullivan DH, Evans WJ . Influence of exercise intensity on abdominal fat and adiponectin in elderly adults. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009; 7: 363–368. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Fatouros IG, Tournis S, Leontsini D, Jamurtas AZ, Sxina M, Thomakos P et al. Leptin and adiponectin responses in overweight inactive elderly following resistance training and detraining are intensity related. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 5970–5977. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fatouros IG, Chatzinikolaou A, Tournis S, Nikolaidis MG, Jamurtas AZ, Douroudos II et al. Intensity of resistance exercise determines adipokine and resting energy expenditure responses in overweight elderly individuals. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 2161–2167. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Kuk JL, McMillan K, Janiszewski PM et al. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 122–131. PubMed Google Scholar
Villareal DT, Shah K, Banks MR, Sinacore DR, Klein S . Effect of weight loss and exercise therapy on bone metabolism and mass in obese older adults: a one-year randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 2181–2187. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Davis CC, Ambrosius WT, Loeser RF, Messier SP . Is serum leptin related to physical function and is it modifiable through weight loss and exercise in older adults with knee osteoarthritis? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1383–1390. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kennedy RL, Chokkalingham K, Srinivasan R . Obesity in the elderly: who should we be treating, and why, and how? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004; 7: 3–9. PubMed Google Scholar
Chapman IM . Obesity in old age. Obes Metabol 2008; 36: 97–106. Google Scholar
Neovius M, Narbro K . Cost-effectiveness of pharmacological anti-obesity treatments: a systematic review. Int J Obes 2008; 32: 1752–1763. CAS Google Scholar
Padwal RS, Majumdar SR . Drug treatments for obesity: orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant. Lancet 2007; 369: 71–77. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pagotto U, Vanuzzo D, Vicennati V, Pasquali R . Pharmacological therapy of obesity]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 2008; 9 (4 Suppl 1): 83S–93S. Google Scholar
Pi-Sunyer FX, Aronne LJ, Heshmati HM, Devin J, Rosenstock J . Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients: RIO-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 295: 761–775. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Leff DR, Heath D . Surgery for obesity in adulthood: clinical review. BMJ 2009; 339: b3402. PubMed Google Scholar
O’Keefe KL, Kemmeter PR, Kemmeter KD . Bariatric surgery outcomes in patients aged 65 years and older at an American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Center of Excellence. Obes Surg 2010; 20: 1199–1205. PubMed Google Scholar
Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2009; 13: 1–357, iii. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Varela JE, Wilson SE, Nguyen NT . Outcomes of bariatric surgery in the elderly. Am Surg 2006; 72: 865–869. PubMed Google Scholar
Stern JS, Kazaks A, Downey M . Future and implications of reimbursement for obesity treatment. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105 (5, Supplement 1): 104–109. Google Scholar
Katzmarzyk PT, Janssen I . The economic costs associated with physical inactivity and obesity in Canada: an update. Can J Appl Physiol 2004; 29: 90–115. PubMed Google Scholar
Andreyeva T, Sturm R, Ringel JS . Moderate and severe obesity have large differences in health care costs. Obesity 2004; 12: 1936–1943. Google Scholar
Yang Z, Hall AG . The financial burden of overweight and obesity among elderly Americans: the dynamics of weight, longevity, and health care cost. Health Serv Res 2008; 43: 849–868. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
van Baal PHM, Polder JJ, de Wit GA, Hoogenveen RT, Feenstra TL, Boshuizen HC et al. Lifetime medical costs of obesity: prevention no cure for increasing health expenditure. PLoS Med 2008; 5: e29. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Barton GR, Sach TH, Jenkinson C, Doherty M, Avery AJ, Muir KR . Lifestyle interventions for knee pain in overweight and obese adults aged > or =45: economic evaluation of randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009; 339: b2273. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Sevick MA, Miller GD, Loeser RF, Williamson JD, Messier SP . Cost-effectiveness of exercise and diet in overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 1167–1174. PubMed Google Scholar
Hagberg LA, Lindholm L . Cost-effectiveness of healthcare-based interventions aimed at improving physical activity. Scand J Public Health 2006; 34: 641–653. PubMed Google Scholar
Cobiac LJ, Vos T, Barendregt JJ . Cost-effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity: a modelling study. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000110. PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Seidell JC, Visscher TLS . Body weight and weight change and their health implications for elderly. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54: S33–S39. PubMed Google Scholar
Donini L, Cameron-Chumlea W, Vellas B, del Balzo V, Cannella C International Symposium ‘Obesity in the Elderly’. 26–28 January, 2006; Rome. 2006.
Katzel LI, Bleecker ER, Colman EG, Rogus EM, Sorkin JD, Goldberg AP . Effects of weight loss vs aerobic exercise training on risk factors for coronary disease in healthy, obese, middle-aged and older men. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1995; 274: 1915–1921. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dengel DR, Pratley RE, Hagberg JM, Rogus EM, Goldberg AP . Distinct effects of aerobic exercise training and weight loss on glucose homeostasis in obese sedentary men. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81: 318–325. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Purnell JQ, Khan SE, Albers JJ, Nevin DN, Brunzell JD, Schwartz RS . Effect of weight loss with reduction of intra-abdominal fat on lipid metabolism in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 977–982. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Felson DT, Zhang Y, Anthony JM, Naimark A, Anderson JJ . Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 535–539. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Evans WJ . What is sarcopenia? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995; 50 (Spec No): 5–8. PubMed Google Scholar
Harper EJ . Changing perspectives on aging and energy requirements: aging, body weight and body composition in humans, dogs and cats. J Nutr 1998; 128 (12 Suppl): 2627S–2631S. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Elia M, Ritz P, Stubbs RJ . Total energy expenditure in the elderly. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54 (Suppl 3): S92–S103. PubMed Google Scholar
Elahi VK, Elahi D, Andres R, Tobin JD, Butler MG, Norris AH . A longitudinal study of nutritional intake in men. J Gerontol 1983; 38: 162–180. CASPubMed Google Scholar