Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic (original) (raw)

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Acknowledgements

We thank the cohort participants who contributed to these studies. Genotyping of the CAGES cohorts and the analyses conducted here were supported by the UK's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). Phenotype collection in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 was supported by the BBSRC, The Royal Society and The Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government. Phenotype collection in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 was supported by Research Into Ageing (continues as part of Age UK's The Disconnected Mind project). Phenotype collection in the Aberdeen Birth Cohort 1936 was supported by BBSRC, the Welcome Trust and the Alzheimer's Research trust. Phenotype collection in the Manchester and Newcastle Longitudinal Studies of Cognitive Aging cohorts was supported by Social Science Research Council, Medical Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Research Into Ageing, Wellcome Trust and Unilever plc. Phenotype collection and genotyping in the Norwegian Cognitive Neuro-Genetics sample was supported by the Research Council of Norway (the FUGE program), the University of Bergen and the Bergen Research Foundation (Bergens Forskingsstiftelse, BFS). The Australian-based researchers acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council and the National Health and Medical Research Council. ML is a Royal Society of Edinburgh/Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland Personal Research Fellow. The work was undertaken in the University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (G0700704/84698). Funding from the BBSRC, EPSRC, ESRC and MRC is gratefully acknowledged. This work was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, The Royal Society, The Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government, Research Into Ageing, Age UK, the Wellcome Trust, the Alzheimer's Research trust, Social Science Research Council, Medical Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Unilever plc, Research Council of Norway, the University of Bergen, Bergen Research Foundation, Australian Research Council, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Royal Society of Edinburgh/Lloyds TSB Foundation and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.

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Author notes

  1. P M Visscher and I J Deary: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
    G Davies, D Liewald, M Luciano, K McGhee, L Lopez, A J Gow, J Corley, P Redmond & I J Deary
  2. Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
    A Tenesa
  3. The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
    A Tenesa
  4. Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
    A Payton & W Ollier
  5. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
    J Yang & P M Visscher
  6. Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Molecular Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
    S E Harris & D J Porteous
  7. Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
    S E Harris, D Liewald, M Luciano, L Lopez, A J Gow, D J Porteous, J M Starr, P M Visscher & I J Deary
  8. Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
    X Ke
  9. Department of Clinical Medicine, Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
    S Le Hellard, A Christoforou & V M Steen
  10. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
    H C Fox, L J Whalley & G McNeill
  11. Nutrition and Epigenetics Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
    P Haggarty
  12. Department of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
    M E Goddard
  13. Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
    M E Goddard
  14. Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Human Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
    T Espeseth & I Reinvang
  15. Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
    A J Lundervold
  16. Department of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Health Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
    A Pickles
  17. Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
    V M Steen
  18. School of Community-Based Medicine, Neurodegeneration Research Group, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
    M Horan & N Pendleton
  19. Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Royal Victoria Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
    J M Starr

Authors

  1. G Davies
  2. A Tenesa
  3. A Payton
  4. J Yang
  5. S E Harris
  6. D Liewald
  7. X Ke
  8. S Le Hellard
  9. A Christoforou
  10. M Luciano
  11. K McGhee
  12. L Lopez
  13. A J Gow
  14. J Corley
  15. P Redmond
  16. H C Fox
  17. P Haggarty
  18. L J Whalley
  19. G McNeill
  20. M E Goddard
  21. T Espeseth
  22. A J Lundervold
  23. I Reinvang
  24. A Pickles
  25. V M Steen
  26. W Ollier
  27. D J Porteous
  28. M Horan
  29. J M Starr
  30. N Pendleton
  31. P M Visscher
  32. I J Deary

Corresponding authors

Correspondence toP M Visscher or I J Deary.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Davies, G., Tenesa, A., Payton, A. et al. Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic.Mol Psychiatry 16, 996–1005 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2011.85

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