Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa (original) (raw)

References

  1. Oates, J. F. African Primates: Status Survey & Action Plan (IUCN, Cambridge, 1996)
    Book Google Scholar
  2. Harcourt, A. H. Is the gorilla a threatened species? How should we judge? Biol. Conserv. 75, 165–176 (1996)
    Article Google Scholar
  3. Minnemeyer, S., Walker, T., Collomb, J. G., Cotton, L. & Bryant, D. An Analysis of Access to Central Africa's Rainforests (World Resources Institute, Washington, 2002)
    Google Scholar
  4. Roberts, L. (ed.) World Resources 292 (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1998)
  5. Tutin, C. E. G. & Fernandez, M. Nationwide census of gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan t. troglodytes) populations in Gabon. Am. J. Primatol. 6, 313–336 (1984)
    Article Google Scholar
  6. Georges, A. J. et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994–1997: Epidemiologic and health control issues. J. Infect. Dis. 179, S65–S75 (1999)
    Article Google Scholar
  7. Chamberlin, C. Migration of Fang into central Gabon during the 19th century—a new interpretation. Int. J. Afr. Hist. Stud. 11, 429–456 (1978)
    Article Google Scholar
  8. Pourtier, R. Le Gabon Vol. 1 (Harmattan, Paris, 1989)
    Google Scholar
  9. Wilkie, D. S., Shaw, E., Rotberg, F., Morelli, G. & Auzel, P. Roads, development, and conservation in the Congo Basin. Conserv. Biol. 14, 1614–1622 (2000)
    Article Google Scholar
  10. Rapport des activites de la Lutte Antibracionnage, Brigade de Faune de la Lope (Direction de la Faune et de le Chasse, Libreville, Gabon, 1999).
  11. Angoué, C. et al. in L'avenir des peuples des forêts tropicales—Rapport final Vol. III (eds Bahuchet, S. & de Maret, P.) (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 2000)
    Google Scholar
  12. Huijbregts, B., de Wachter, P. & Ndong Obiang, L. S. Ebola and the decline of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) populations in the Minkebe Forest, north-eastern Gabon. Oryx (in the press)
  13. Lahm, S. A. Ecology and Economics of Human/Wildlife Interaction in Northeastern Gabon. Dissertation, New York Univ. (1993)
    Google Scholar
  14. Brugière, D. & Sakom, D. Population density and nesting behaviour of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Ngotto forest, Central African Republic. J. Zool. 255, 251–259 (2001)
    Article Google Scholar
  15. Barnes, R. F. W., Barnes, K. L., Alers, M. P. T. & Blom, A. Man determines the distribution of elephants in the rain forests of northeastern Gabon. Afr. J. Ecol. 29, 54–63 (1991)
    Article Google Scholar
  16. Bermejo, M. Status and conservation of primates in Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. Oryx 33, 323–331 (1999)
    Article Google Scholar
  17. Blom, A. The monetary impact of tourism on protected area management and the local economy in Dzanga-Sangha (Central African Republic). J. Sust. Tourism 8, 175–189 (2001)
    Article Google Scholar
  18. Wilkie, D. S. & Carpenter, J. Can nature tourism help finance protected areas in the Congo Basin? Oryx 33, 333–339 (1999)
    Article Google Scholar
  19. Buckland, S. T., Anderson, D. R., Burnham, K. P. & Laake, J. L. Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations (Chapman & Hall, London, 1993)
    MATH Google Scholar
  20. Walsh, P. D. & White, L. J. T. What it will take to monitor forest elephant populations. Conserv. Biol. 13, 1194–1202 (1999)
    Article Google Scholar
  21. Hedley, S. L., Buckland, S. T. & Borchers, D. L. Spatial modelling from line transect data. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 1, 255–264 (1999)
    Google Scholar
  22. Kingdon, J. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals (Academic, San Diego, 1997)
    Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

This paper is dedicated to Annelisa Kilbourn who died on 2 November 2002 in a plane crash en route to her Ebola research site. For support of ape survey work we thank USAID-CARPE, the DGIS, the MacArthur Foundation, WCS, WWF and the Republique Gabonaise. Funding for the socioeconomic surveys was provided by NSF. D. Purves, S. Sandin and J. Regetz provided helpful comments on statistical analyses.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Guyot Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, USA
    Peter D. Walsh
  2. Centre International de Recherches Médicales, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
    Kate A. Abernethy, Paul Telfer & Caroline E. G. Tutin
  3. Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
    Kate A. Abernethy & Caroline E. G. Tutin
  4. Departamento Biología Animal (Vertebrados), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
    Magdalena Bermejo
  5. Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, New York, 10460-1099, USA
    Rene Beyers, Annelisa M. Kilbourn, Stefanie Latour, Fiona Maisels, Christian Mbina, Yves Mihindou, Malcolm P. Starkey, Lee J. T. White & David S. Wilkie
  6. WWF Central Africa Regional Program Office, BP 9144, Libreville, Gabon
    Pauwel De Wachter, Marc Ella Akou, Bas Huijbregts, Andre Kamdem Toham & Marc Thibault
  7. Ministère de l'Economie Forestière, des Eaux, de la Pêche chargé de l'Environnement et de la Protection de la Nature, Direction de la Faune et de la Chasse, BP 1128, Libreville, Gabon
    Daniel Idiata Mambounga, Sosthène Ndong Obiang & Ernestine Ntsame Effa
  8. Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, BP 13354, Libreville, Gabon
    Sally A. Lahm
  9. Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
    Fiona Maisels
  10. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, CB2 3EN, Cambridge, UK
    Malcolm P. Starkey
  11. Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, New York, 10003, USA
    Paul Telfer

Authors

  1. Peter D. Walsh
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  2. Kate A. Abernethy
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  3. Magdalena Bermejo
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  4. Rene Beyers
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  5. Pauwel De Wachter
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  6. Marc Ella Akou
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  7. Bas Huijbregts
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  8. Daniel Idiata Mambounga
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  9. Andre Kamdem Toham
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  10. Annelisa M. Kilbourn
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  11. Sally A. Lahm
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  12. Stefanie Latour
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  13. Fiona Maisels
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  14. Christian Mbina
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  15. Yves Mihindou
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  16. Sosthène Ndong Obiang
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  17. Ernestine Ntsame Effa
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  18. Malcolm P. Starkey
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  19. Paul Telfer
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  20. Marc Thibault
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  21. Caroline E. G. Tutin
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  22. Lee J. T. White
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
  23. David S. Wilkie
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence toPeter D. Walsh.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Walsh, P., Abernethy, K., Bermejo, M. et al. Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa.Nature 422, 611–614 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01566

Download citation