Proxy evidence for an El Niño-like response to volcanic forcing (original) (raw)

References

  1. Handler, P. Possible association of stratospheric aerosols and El Niño type events. Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 1121–1124 (1984)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  2. Handler, P. & Andsager, K. Possible association between the climatic effects of stratospheric aerosols and sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Int. J. Climatol. 10, 413–424 (1990)
    Article Google Scholar
  3. Robock, A. Volcanic eruptions and climate. Rev. Geophys. 38, 191–219 (2000)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  4. Nicholls, N. Low-latitude volcanic eruptions and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation: A reply. Int. J. Climatol. 10, 425–429 (1990)
    Article Google Scholar
  5. Self, S., Rampino, M. R., Zhao, J. & Katz, M. G. Volcanic aerosol perturbations and strong El Niño events: No general correlation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1247–1250 (1997)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  6. Bjerknes, J. Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Weath. Rev. 97, 163–172 (1969)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  7. Zebiak, S. E. & Cane, M. A. A model El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Weath. Rev. 115, 2262–2278 (1987)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  8. Stahle, D. W. et al. Experimental dendroclimatic reconstruction of the Southern Oscillation. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2137–2152 (1998)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  9. Mann, M. E. et al. Global temperature patterns in past centuries: An interactive presentation. Earth Interact. 4-4, 1–29 (2000)
    Article Google Scholar
  10. Cane, M. A. et al. Twentieth-century sea surface temperature trends. Science 275, 957–960 (1997)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  11. Knutson, T., Manabe, S. & Gu, D. Simulated ENSO in a global coupled ocean- atmosphere model: Multidecadal amplitude modulation and CO2 sensitivity. J. Clim. 10, 138–161 (1997)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  12. Meehl, G. A. & Washington, W. M. El Niño-like climate change in a model with increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Nature 382, 56–60 (1996)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  13. Timmermann, A. et al. Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature 398, 694–697 (1999)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  14. Boer, J. G., Flato, G., Reader, M. C. & Ramsden, D. A transient climate change simulation with greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing: Experimental design and comparison with the instrumental record for the 20th century. Clim. Dyn. 16, 405–425 (2000)
    Article Google Scholar
  15. Meehl, G. A. et al. Response of the NCAR climate system model to increased CO2 and the role of physical processes. J. Clim. 13, 1879–1898 (2000)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  16. Noda, A., Yamaguchi, K., Yamaki, S., Yukimoto, S. Relationship between natural variability and CO2-induced warming pattern: MRI AOGCM experiment. 10th Symp. on Global Change Studies 10–15 January 1999, Dallas, TX. (American Meteorological Society, 1999).
  17. Clement, A. C., Seager, R., Cane, M. A. & Zebiak, S. E. An ocean dynamical thermostat. J. Clim. 9, 2190–2196 (1996)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  18. Hirono, M. On the trigger of El Niño Southern Oscillation by the forcing of early El Chichon volcanic aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 5365–5384 (1988)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  19. Robock, A. et al. GCM evaluation of a mechanism for El Niño triggering by the El Chichón ash cloud. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2369–2372 (1995)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  20. Zielinski, G. A. Use of paleo-records in determining variability within the volcanism-climate system. Quat. Sci. Rev. 19, 417–438 (2000)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  21. Panofsky, H. A. & Brier, G. W. Some Applications of Statistics to Meteorology 159–161 (Penn. State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1958)
    Google Scholar
  22. Bradley, R. S., Diaz, H. F., Kiladis, G. N. & Eischeid, J. K. ENSO signal in continental temperature and precipitation records. Nature 327, 497–501 (1987)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  23. Sear, C. B., Kelly, P. M., Jones, P. D. & Goodess, C. M. Global surface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptions. Nature 330, 365–367 (1987)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  24. Haurwitz, M. W. & Brier, G. W. A critique of superposed epoch analysis method: Its application to solar-weather relations. Mon. Weath. Rev. 109, 2074–2079 (1981)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  25. Simpkin, T. & Siebert, L. Volcanoes of the World 2nd edn (Smithsonian Institution, Geoscience Press, Tucson, Arizona, 1994)
    Google Scholar
  26. Robock, A. & Free, M. P. Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 11549–11567 (1995)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  27. Können, G. P., Jones, P. D., Kaltofen, M. H. & Allan, R. J. Pre-1866 extensions of the Southern Oscillation Index using early Indonesian and Tahitian meteorological readings. J. Clim. 11, 2325–2339 (1998)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  28. Kaplan, A., Cane, M. A., Kushnir, Y. & Clement, A. C. Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856–1991. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18567–18589 (1998)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  29. Cobb, K. M., Charles, C. D., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H. & Kastner, M. El Niño-Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature 424, 271–276 (2003)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  30. Crowley, T. J. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science 289, 270–277 (2000)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Download references