Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat (original) (raw)

References

1. Myers, N. Threatened biotas: ‘hotspots’ in tropical forests. Environmentalist 8, 187–208 (1988)
   Article CAS Google Scholar
2. Myers, N. The biodiversity challenge: expanded hotspots analysis. Environmentalist 10, 243–256 (1990)
   Article CAS Google Scholar
3. Bibby, C. et al. Putting Biodiversity on the Map: Priority Areas for Global Conservation (ICPB, Cambridge, UK, 1992)
   Google Scholar
4. Dobson, A. P., Rodriguez, J. P., Roberts, M. W. & Wilcove, D. S. Geographic distribution of endangered species in the United States. Science 275, 550–553 (1993)
   Article Google Scholar
5. Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. & Wege, D. C. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation (BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK, 1998)
   Google Scholar
6. Mittermeier, R. A., Myers, N., Gil, P. R. & Mittermeier, C. G. Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions (Cemex, Conservation International and Agrupación Sierra Madre, Monterrey, Mexico, 1999)
   Google Scholar
7. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B. & Kent, J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858 (2000)
   Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
8. BirdLife International, Threatened Birds of the World (Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona and Cambridge, UK, 2000)
   Google Scholar
9. Mittermeier, R. A. et al. Hotspots Revisited: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions (Cemex, Conservation International and Agrupación Sierra Madre, Monterrey, Mexico, 2005)
   Google Scholar
10. Prendergast, J. R., Quinn, R. M., Lawton, J. H., Eversham, B. C. & Gibbons, D. W. Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature 365, 335–337 (1993)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
11. Pressey, R. L., Humphries, C. J., Margules, C. R., Vane-Wright, R. I. & Williams, P. H. Beyond opportunism: key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 124–128 (1993)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
12. Williams, P. et al. A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and complementary areas for conserving diversity of British birds. Conserv. Biol. 10, 155–174 (1996)
    Article Google Scholar
13. Virolainen, K. M. et al. Hot spots, indicator taxa, complementarity and optimal networks of taiga. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 1143–1147 (2000)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
14. Bonn, A., Rodriguez, A. S. L. & Gaston, K. J. Threatened and endemic species: are they good indiators of patterns of biodiversity on a national scale? Ecol. Lett. 5, 733–741 (2002)
    Article Google Scholar
15. Thomas, C. D. & Mallorie, H. C. Rarity, species richness and conservation: butterflies of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Biol. Conserv. 33, 95–117 (1985)
    Article Google Scholar
16. Berg, A. & Tjernberg, M. Common and rare Swedish vertebrates — distribution and habitat preferences. Biodivers. Conserv. 5, 101–128 (1996)
    Article Google Scholar
17. Howard, P. C. et al. Complementarity and the use of indicator groups for reserve selection in Uganda. Nature 394, 472–475 (1998)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
18. Lawton, J. H. et al. Biodiversity inventories, indicator taxa and effects of habitat modification in tropical forest. Nature 391, 72–76 (1998)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
19. Lennon, J. J., Koleff, P., Greenwood, J. J. D. & Gaston, K. J. Contribution of rarity and commonness to patterns of species richness. Ecol. Lett. 7, 81–87 (2004)
    Article Google Scholar
20. Jetz, W., Rahbek, C. & Colwell, R. K. The coincidence of rarity and richness and the potential signature of history in centres of endemism. Ecol. Lett. 7, 1180–1191 (2004)
    Article Google Scholar
21. Brooks, T. et al. Toward a blueprint for conservation in Africa. Bioscience 51, 613–624 (2001)
    Article Google Scholar
22. Baillie, J. E. M., Hilton-Taylor, C. & Stuart, S. N. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: A Global Species Assessment (IUCN, Glad, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 2004)
    Google Scholar
23. Jetz, W. & Rahbek, C. Geographic range size and determinants of avian species richness. Science 297, 1548–1551 (2002)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
24. Rahbek, C. & Graves, G. R. Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4534–4539 (2001)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
25. Gaston, K. J. & Blackburn, T. M. The spatial distribution of threatened species: macro-scales and New World birds. Proc. R Soc. Lond. B 263, 235–240 (1996)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
26. Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L. Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1990)
    Google Scholar
27. Defense Mapping Agency (Mapping Agency, Fairfax, Virginia, USA, 1992).
28. SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, 2001).
29. Olson, D. M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the worlds: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51, 933–938 (2001)
    Article Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank B. Beehler, L. Birch, T. Brooks, B. Coates, J. Cromie, J. Diamond, J. Eckstrom, S. Elsworthy, H. Fry, E. Harvey, A. Headon, P. Higgins, D. McNicol, D. Mehlman, C. Perrins, J. Price, R. Porter, H. Pratt, R. Prys-Jones, N. Redman, C. Robertson, B. Sheldon, I. Sherman, R. Simpson, I. Sinclair, A. Silcocks, M. Strange, M. Unwin, E. Urban, M. Weston, M. Whitby, P. Williams, D. Wynn, B. Young, J. Zook, A. and C. Black. We also thank Academic Press, BirdGuides, BirdLife International, Birds Australia, C. Helm, Conservation International, NatureServe, Oxford Univ. Press, the Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Princeton Univ. Press, the Alexander Library (Oxford), and the Natural History Museum (Tring) for access to data and libraries; and M. Balman, S. Butchart, T. Brooks, M. Cardillo, W. Jetz, A. Phillimore, H. Possingham, A. Purvis and W. Sechrest for comments or help. This work was funded by The Natural Environment Research Council.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

1. Division of Biology,
   C. David L. Orme, Malcolm Burgess, Felix Eigenbrod, Nicola Pickup & Ian P. F. Owens
2. NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
   Ian P. F. Owens
3. Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
   Richard G. Davies & Kevin J. Gaston
4. Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY, London, UK
   Valerie A. Olson & Peter M. Bennett
5. School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
   Andrea J. Webster & Tim M. Blackburn
6. School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, 106, Taipei, Taiwan
   Tzung-Su Ding
7. Michigan State University Museum and Department of Zoology, West Circle Drive, Michigan, 48824-1045, East Lansing, USA
   Pamela C. Rasmussen
8. Academy of Natural Sciences, 1,900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Pennsylvania, 19103, Philadelphia, USA
   Robert S. Ridgely
9. BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton, Girton Road, CB3 0NA, Cambridge, UK
   Ali J. Stattersfield

Authors

1. C. David L. Orme
   You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
2. Richard G. Davies
   You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
3. Malcolm Burgess
   You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
4. Felix Eigenbrod
   You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
5. Nicola Pickup
   You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
6. Valerie A. Olson
   You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
7. Andrea J. Webster
   You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
8. Tzung-Su Ding
   You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
9. Pamela C. Rasmussen
   You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
10. Robert S. Ridgely
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
11. Ali J. Stattersfield
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
12. Peter M. Bennett
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
13. Tim M. Blackburn
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
14. Kevin J. Gaston
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
15. Ian P. F. Owens
    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence toIan P. F. Owens.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

Reprints and permissions information is available at npg.nature.com/reprintsandpermissions. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Orme, C., Davies, R., Burgess, M. et al. Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat.Nature 436, 1016–1019 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03850

Download citation

• Received: 01 April 2005
• Accepted: 25 May 2005
• Issue Date: 18 August 2005
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03850