- Lindvall, O., Kokaia, Z. & Martinez-Serrano, A. Stem cell therapy for human neurodegenerative disorders-how to make it work. Nature Med. 10 (suppl.), S42–S50 (2004)
Article Google Scholar
- Pluchino, S. et al. Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis. Nature 422, 688–694 (2003)
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
- McRae, B. L. et al. Induction of active and adoptive relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) using an encephalitogenic epitope of proteolipid protein. J. Neuroimmunol. 38, 229–240 (1992)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Parras, C. M. et al. Mash1 specifies neurons and oligodendrocytes in the postnatal brain. EMBO J. 23, 4495–4505 (2004)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Fukuda, S. et al. Two distinct subpopulations of nestin-positive cells in adult mouse dentate gyrus. J. Neurosci. 23, 9357–9366 (2003)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Lois, C., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M. & Alvarez-Buylla, A. Chain migration of neuronal precursors. Science 271, 978–981 (1996)
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
- Wichterle, H., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M. & Alvarez-Buylla, A. Direct evidence for homotypic, glia-independent neuronal migration. Neuron 18, 779–791 (1997)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Alvarez-Buylla, A. & Lim, D. A. For the long run: maintaining germinal niches in the adult brain. Neuron 41, 683–686 (2004)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Jin, K. et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11946–11950 (2002)
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
- Constantin, G. et al. Chemokines trigger immediate β2 integrin affinity and mobility changes: differential regulation and roles in lymphocyte arrest under flow. Immunity 13, 759–769 (2000)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Constantin, G., Laudanna, C., Brocke, S. & Butcher, E. C. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. J. Immunol. 162, 1144–1149 (1999)
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Alt, C., Laschinger, M. & Engelhardt, B. Functional expression of the lymphoid chemokines CCL19 (ELC) and CCL 21 (SLC) at the blood–brain barrier suggests their involvement in G-protein-dependent lymphocyte recruitment into the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur. J. Immunol. 32, 2133–2144 (2002)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Karpus, W. J. & Kennedy, K. J. MIP-1α and MCP-1 differentially regulate acute and relapsing autoimmune encephalomyelitis as well as Th1/Th2 lymphocyte differentiation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 62, 681–687 (1997)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Furlan, R. et al. Intrathecal delivery of IFN-γ protects C57BL/6 mice from chronic-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by increasing apoptosis of central nervous system-infiltrating lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 167, 1821–1829 (2001)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Weishaupt, A. et al. Molecular mechanisms of high-dose antigen therapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: rapid induction of Th1-type cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J. Immunol. 165, 7157–7163 (2000)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Marsden, V. S. & Strasser, A. Control of apoptosis in the immune system: Bcl-2, BH3-only proteins and more. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21, 71–105 (2003)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Ricci-Vitiani, L. et al. Absence of caspase 8 and high expression of PED protect primitive neural cells from cell death. J. Exp. Med. 200, 1257–1266 (2004)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Schere-Levy, C. et al. Leukemia inhibitory factor induces apoptosis of the mammary epithelial cells and participates in mouse mammary gland involution. Exp. Cell Res. 282, 35–47 (2003)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Tarrant, T. K. et al. Interleukin 12 protects from a T helper type 1-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune uveitis, through a mechanism involving interferon gamma, nitric oxide, and apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 189, 219–230 (1999)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Pender, M. P. & Rist, M. J. Apoptosis of inflammatory cells in immune control of the nervous system: role of glia. Glia 36, 137–144 (2001)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Chu, K., Kim, M., Jeong, S. W., Kim, S. U. & Yoon, B. W. Human neural stem cells can migrate, differentiate, and integrate after intravenous transplantation in adult rats with transient forebrain ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. 343, 129–133 (2003)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Akiyama, Y. et al. Transplantation of clonal neural precursor cells derived from adult human brain establishes functional peripheral myelin in the rat spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 167, 27–39 (2001)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Vandenbark, A. A. et al. Differential susceptibility of human Th1 versus Th2 cells to induction of anergy and apoptosis by ECDI/antigen-coupled antigen-presenting cells. Int. Immunol. 12, 57–66 (2000)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Zhang, X. et al. Unequal death in T helper cell (Th)1 and Th2 effectors: Th1, but not Th2, effectors undergo rapid Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 185, 1837–1849 (1997)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Merkle, F. T., Tramontin, A. D., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M. & Alvarez-Buylla, A. Radial glia give rise to adult neural stem cells in the subventricular zone. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 17528–17532 (2004)
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
- Constantin, G., Laudanna, C. & Butcher, E. C. Novel method for following lymphocyte traffic in mice using [3H]glycerol labeling. J. Immunol. Methods 203, 35–44 (1997)
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Lazarini, F. et al. Differential signalling of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by stromal cell-derived factor 1 and the HIV glycoprotein in rat neurons and astrocytes. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 117–125 (2000)
Article CAS Google Scholar