Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species (original) (raw)

Nature volume 443, pages 859–862 (2006) Cite this article

Abstract

The separation of the effects of environmental variability from the impacts of fishing has been elusive, but is essential for sound fisheries management1,2,3,4,5,6,7. We distinguish environmental effects from fishing effects by comparing the temporal variability of exploited versus unexploited fish stocks living in the same environments. Using the unique suite of 50-year-long larval fish surveys from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations4 we analyse fishing as a treatment effect in a long-term ecological experiment. Here we present evidence from the marine environment that exploited species exhibit higher temporal variability in abundance than unexploited species. This remains true after accounting for life-history effects, abundance, ecological traits and phylogeny. The increased variability of exploited populations is probably caused by fishery-induced truncation of the age structure, which reduces the capacity of populations to buffer environmental events1,5,8,9. Therefore, to avoid collapse, fisheries must be managed not only to sustain the total viable biomass but also to prevent the significant truncation of age structure1,5,8,9. The double jeopardy of fishing to potentially deplete stock sizes and, more immediately, to amplify the peaks and valleys of population variability7, calls for a precautionary management approach10,11.

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Figure 1: Relationships between coefficients of variation of annual larval abundance and age at maturation for exploited and unexploited species.

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Figure 2: Coefficients of variation of annual larval abundance of exploited and unexploited species associated with geographic regions, habitats and spawning modes.

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Figure 3: Long-term declining trends in the average age and length of exploited species.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the CalCOFI for the use of the data. R. Hewitt, D. Checkley, M. Ohman, S. Sandin, M. Maunder, P. Hastings, K. Roy, D. Lucas and S. Glaser provided discussion and comments on this work. A. MacCall, K. Hill, D. Sampson, I. Stewart, J. Cope, D. Aseltin-Nelson and J. Mason provided fisheries-related data. B. Macewicz, N. Lo, B. Watson and S. Suyama provided data and comments on life-history traits of fishes. Our study was funded by NOAA Fisheries and the Environment (FATE), the National Marine Fisheries Service, NSF/LTER CCE ‘Nonlinear Transitions in the California Current Coastal Pelagic Ecosystem’, the Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Oceanic University, the Deutsche Bank Complexity Studies Fund and the Sugihara Family Trust. Author Contributions C.H. and G.S. conceived the original study. C.H. is responsible for the statistical analyses and uncovering the main result. All co-authors contributed to refining the analysis, framing and interpreting the result, and to its final exposition.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, California, 92093-0202, La Jolla, USA
    Chih-hao Hsieh, John R. Hunter & George Sugihara
  2. Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, California, 92037-1508, La Jolla, USA
    Christian S. Reiss
  3. Division of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, RSM Building, South Kensington campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
    John R. Beddington
  4. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3PS, Oxford, UK
    Robert M. May

Authors

  1. Chih-hao Hsieh
  2. Christian S. Reiss
  3. John R. Hunter
  4. John R. Beddington
  5. Robert M. May
  6. George Sugihara

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Correspondence toGeorge Sugihara.

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Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Hsieh, Ch., Reiss, C., Hunter, J. et al. Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species.Nature 443, 859–862 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05232

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Editorial Summary

What fishing does to fish

Fishing depletes fish stocks by removing fish from the sea. Clear enough, but in the late 1970s, theorists suggested that it also reduces the resilience of fish populations in the face of change. Discussion on the topic has remained theoretical until now: the availability of a 50-year larval fish survey of waters off California, begun when sardine populations there collapsed in the 1940s, provides the data. And it seems that fishing does magnify population variability (reducing resilience) in ways that extend beyond the removals themselves. A truncated age structure, with larger and older fish being removed first, is the likely cause. This suggests that to avoid collapse, fisheries must be managed not only to sustain total biomass, but also to maintain the age structure of a population.