The role of exercise and PGC1α in inflammation and chronic disease (original) (raw)

• Booth, F. W., Chakravarthy, M. V., Gordon, S. E. & Spangenburg, E. E. Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 3–30 (2002).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Erikssen, G. et al. Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality. Lancet 352, 759–762 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hu, F. B. et al. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 2694–2703 (2004).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kokkinos, P. et al. Exercise capacity and mortality in black and white men. Circulation 117, 614–622 (2008).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Booth, F. W. & Lees, S. J. Fundamental questions about genes, inactivity, and chronic diseases. Physiol. Genomics 28, 146–157 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McCracken, M., Jiles, R. & Blanck, H. M. Health behaviors of the young adult U.S. population: behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2003. Prev. Chronic Dis. 4, A25 (2007).
  PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hollmann, W., Struder, H. K., Tagarakis, C. V. & King, G. Physical activity and the elderly. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 14, 730–739 (2007).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Yates, L. B. et al. Exceptional longevity in men: modifiable factors associated with survival and function to age 90 years. Arch. Intern. Med. 168, 284–290 (2008).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Knowler, W. C. et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 393–403 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hotamisligil, G. S. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 444, 860–867 (2006).
  CAS ADS Google Scholar
• Haffner, S. M. The metabolic syndrome: inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 97, 3A–11A (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Matter, C. M. & Handschin, C. RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), inflammation, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 115, 946–948 (2007).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Lin, W. W. & Karin, M. A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 1175–1183 (2007).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zhou, J. R., Blackburn, G. L. & Walker, W. A. Symposium introduction: metabolic syndrome and the onset of cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86, S817–S819 (2007).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Tansey, M. G. et al. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: is there sufficient evidence for mechanism-based interventional therapy? Front. Biosci. 13, 709–717 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Whitton, P. S. Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Br. J. Pharmacol. 150, 963–976 (2007).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zipp, F. & Aktas, O. The brain as a target of inflammation: common pathways link inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci. 29, 518–527 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cotman, C. W., Berchtold, N. C. & Christie, L. A. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 30, 464–472 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Perry, V. H., Cunningham, C. & Holmes, C. Systemic infections and inflammation affect chronic neurodegeneration. Nature Rev. Immunol. 7, 161–167 (2007).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Febbraio, M. A. Exercise and inflammation. J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 376–377 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gleeson, M. Immune function in sport and exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 693–699 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nieman, D. C. Current perspective on exercise immunology. Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 2, 239–242 (2003).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Gleeson, M., McFarlin, B. & Flynn, M. Exercise and Toll-like receptors. Exerc. Immunol. Rev. 12, 34–53 (2006).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Gleeson, M., Nieman, D. C. & Pedersen, B. K. Exercise, nutrition and immune function. J. Sports Sci. 22, 115–125 (2004).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Pedersen, B. K., Akerstrom, T. C., Nielsen, A. R. & Fischer, C. P. Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism. J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 1093–1098 (2007).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Kristiansen, O. P. & Mandrup-Poulsen, T. Interleukin-6 and diabetes: the good, the bad, or the indifferent? Diabetes 54, S114–S124 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sarkar, D. & Fisher, P. B. Molecular mechanisms of aging-associated inflammation. Cancer Lett. 236, 13–23 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bremmer, M. A. et al. Inflammatory markers in late-life depression: Results from a population-based study. J. Affect. Disord. 106, 249–255 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Roubenoff, R. Physical activity, inflammation, and muscle loss. Nutr. Rev. 65, S208–S212 (2007).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Haddad, F., Zaldivar, F., Cooper, D. M. & Adams, G. R. IL-6-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. J. Appl. Physiol. 98, 911–917 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Coletti, D. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α gene transfer induces cachexia and inhibits muscle regeneration. Genesis 43, 120–128 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Manson, J. E. et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 650–658 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. R. Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clin. Nutr. 26, 389–399 (2007).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Sigal, R. J. et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 147, 357–369 (2007).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Larson, E. B. et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann. Intern. Med. 144, 73–81 (2006).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Pette, D. Historical perspectives: plasticity of mammalian skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 90, 1119–1124 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Flück, M. & Hoppeler, H. Molecular basis of skeletal muscle plasticity — from gene to form and function. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 146, 159–216 (2003).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Glass, D. J. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37, 1974–1984 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chin, E. R. et al. A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway controls skeletal muscle fiber type. Genes Dev. 12, 2499–2509 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Berchtold, M. W., Brinkmeier, H. & Muntener, M. Calcium ion in skeletal muscle: its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease. Physiol. Rev. 80, 1215–1265 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Puigserver, P. et al. A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell 92, 829–839 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pilegaard, H., Saltin, B. & Neufer, P. D. Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the PGC-1α gene in human skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 546, 851–858 (2003).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hood, D. A., Irrcher, I., Ljubicic, V. & Joseph, A. M. Coordination of metabolic plasticity in skeletal muscle. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 2265–2275 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jager, S., Handschin, C., St-Pierre, J. & Spiegelman, B. M. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) action in skeletal muscle via direct phosphorylation of PGC-1α. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 12017–12022 (2007).
  PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
• Russell, A. P. et al. Endurance training in humans leads to fiber type-specific increases in levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 52, 2874–2881 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lin, J. et al. Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α drives the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibres. Nature 418, 797–801 (2002).
  CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
• Calvo, J. A. et al. Muscle-specific expression of PPARγ coactivator-1α improves exercise performance and increases peak oxygen uptake. J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 1304–1312 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wende, A. R. et al. A role for the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α in muscle refueling. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 36642–36651 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Handschin, C. et al. Skeletal muscle fiber-type switching, exercise intolerance, and myopathy in PGC-1α muscle-specific knock-out animals. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 30014–30021 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Handschin, C. & Spiegelman, B. M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 coactivators, energy homeostasis, and metabolism. Endocr. Rev. 27, 728–735 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lin, J., Handschin, C. & Spiegelman, B. M. Metabolic control through the PGC-1 family of transcription coactivators. Cell Metab. 1, 361–370 (2005).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Hanai, J. I. et al. The muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1/MAFbx mediates statin-induced muscle toxicity. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 3940–3951 (2007).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Handschin, C. et al. PGC-1α regulates the neuromuscular junction program and ameliorates Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Genes Dev. 21, 770–783 (2007).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sandri, M. et al. PGC-1α protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 16260–16265 (2006).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
• Wu, Z. et al. Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell 98, 115–124 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mootha, V. K. et al. Errα and Gabpa/b specify PGC-1α-dependent oxidative phosphorylation gene expression that is altered in diabetic muscle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 6570–6575 (2004).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
• Handschin, C. et al. Abnormal glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1α knockout mice reveals skeletal muscle-pancreatic β cell crosstalk. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 3463–3474 (2007).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mootha, V. K. et al. PGC-1α-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes. Nature Genet. 34, 267–273 (2003).
  CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
• Patti, M. E. et al. Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8466–8471 (2003).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
• Alexandraki, K. et al. Inflammatory process in type 2 diabetes: The role of cytokines. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1084, 89–117 (2006).
  CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
• St-Pierre, J. et al. Suppression of reactive oxygen species and neurodegeneration by the PGC-1 transcriptional coactivators. Cell 127, 397–408 (2006).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Valle, I. et al. PGC-1α regulates the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system in vascular endothelial cells. Cardiovasc. Res. 66, 562–573 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Moylan, J. S. & Reid, M. B. Oxidative stress, chronic disease, and muscle wasting. Muscle Nerve 35, 411–429 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ji, L. L. Modulation of skeletal muscle antioxidant defense by exercise: Role of redox signaling. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 44, 142–152 (2008).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brown, W. J., Burton, N. W. & Rowan, P. J. Updating the evidence on physical activity and health in women. Am. J. Prev. Med. 33, 404–411 (2007).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Perusse, L. & Bouchard, C. Genotype-environment interaction in human obesity. Nutr. Rev. 57, S31–38 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rippe, J. M. & Hess, S. The role of physical activity in the prevention and management of obesity. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 98, S31–38 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hotamisligil, G. S. & Spiegelman, B. M. Tumor necrosis factor α: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43, 1271–1278 (1994).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S. & Spiegelman, B. M. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-α: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259, 87–91 (1993).
  CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M. T., Hamilton, D. G. & Zderic, T. W. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 56, 2655–2667 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fraser, G. E. & Shavlik, D. J. Ten years of life: Is it a matter of choice? Arch. Intern. Med. 161, 1645–1652 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Arany, Z. et al. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1β drives the formation of oxidative type IIX fibers in skeletal muscle. Cell Metab. 5, 35–46 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wagner, B. K. et al. Large-scale chemical dissection of mitochondrial function. Nature Biotechnol. 26, 343–351 (2008).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Arany, Z. et al. Gene expression-based screening identifies microtubule inhibitors as inducers of PGC-1α and oxidative phosphorylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 4721–4726 (2008).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central ADS Google Scholar
• Handschin, C. & Mootha, V. K. Estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα): a novel target in type 2 diabetes. Drug Discov. Today Ther. Strateg. 2, 151–156 (2005).
  CAS Google Scholar