Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating (original) (raw)

References

1. Flohn, H. Hochgebirge und allgemeine Zirkulation. II. Die Gebirge als Wärmequellen. Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol. A 5, 265–279 (1953)
   Article Google Scholar
2. Flohn, H. Contributions to a Meteorology of the Tibetan Highlands (Tech. Rep. 130, Colorado State Univ., 1968)
   Google Scholar
3. Hahn, D. G. & Manabe, S. The role of mountains in the South Asian monsoon circulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 1515–1541 (1975)
   Article ADS Google Scholar
4. Molnar, P., England, P. & Martinod, J. Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon. Rev. Geophys. 31, 357–396 (1993)
   Article ADS Google Scholar
5. Qiu, J. China: The third pole. Nature 454, 393–396 (2008)
   Article CAS Google Scholar
6. Li, C. & Yanai, M. The onset and interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon in relation to land-sea thermal contrast. J. Clim. 9, 358–375 (1996)
   Article ADS Google Scholar
7. Ruddiman, W. & Kutzbach, J. Forcing of late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American West. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 18409–18427 (1989)
   Article ADS Google Scholar
8. Prell, W. & Kutzbach, J. Sensitivity of the Indian monsoon to forcing parameters and implications for its evolution. Nature 360, 647–652 (1992)
   Article ADS Google Scholar
9. Chakraborty, A., Nanjundiah, R. & Srinivasan, J. Role of Asian and African orography in Indian summer monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 50–51 (2002)
   Article ADS Google Scholar
10. Abe, M., Kitoh, A. & Yasunari, T. Evolution of the Asian summer monsoon associated with mountain uplift: simulation with the MRI atmosphere-ocean coupled GCM. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn 81, 909–933 (2003)
    Article Google Scholar
11. Yasunari, T., Saito, K. & Takata, K. Relative roles of large-scale orography and land surface processes in the global hydroclimate. Part I: impacts on monsoon systems and the tropics. J. Hydrometeorol. 7, 626–641 (2006)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
12. Raymo, M. & Ruddiman, W. Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate. Nature 359, 117–122 (1992)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
13. An, Z., Kutzbach, J., Prell, W. & Porter, S. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature 411, 62–66 (2001)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
14. Yanai, M. & Wu, G. in The Asian Monsoon (ed. Wang, B.) 513–549 (Springer, 2006)
    Book Google Scholar
15. Sarachik, E. Tropical sea surface temperature: an interactive one-dimensional atmosphere-ocean model. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 2, 455–469 (1978)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
16. Emanuel, K. A., Neelin, J. D. & Bretherton, C. S. On large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 120, 1111–1143 (1994)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
17. Chou, C., Neelin, J. & Su, H. Ocean-atmosphere-land feedbacks in an idealized monsoon. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 127, 1869–1892 (2001)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
18. Chakraborty, A., Nanjundiah, R. & Srinivasan, J. Theoretical aspects of the onset of Indian summer monsoon from perturbed orography simulations in a GCM. Ann. Geophys. 24, 2075–2089 (2006)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
19. Holloway, C. & Neelin, J. The convective cold top and quasi equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci. 64, 1467–1487 (2007)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
20. Lin, J. et al. Subseasonal variability associated with Asian summer monsoon simulated by 14 IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs. J. Clim. 21, 4541–4567 (2008)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
21. Boos, W. R. & Emanuel, K. A. Annual intensification of the Somali jet in a quasi-equilibrium framework: observational composites. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 135, 319–335 (2009)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
22. Molnar, P. & Emanuel, K. A. Temperature profiles in radiative-convective equilibrium above surfaces at different heights. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 24265–24272 (1999)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
23. Xie, S., Xu, H., Saji, N., Wang, Y. & Liu, W. Role of narrow mountains in large-scale organization of Asian monsoon convection. J. Clim. 19, 3420–3429 (2006)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
24. Liang, X.-Z. & Wang, W.-C. Associations between China monsoon rainfall and tropospheric jets. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 124, 2597–2623 (1998)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
25. Murakami, T. Orographic influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the Asiatic winter monsoon circulation. Part I: large-scale aspects. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn 59, 66–84 (1981)
    Article Google Scholar
26. Zhou, Y., Gao, S. & Shen, S. S. P. A diagnostic study of formation and structures of the Meiyu front system over East Asia. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn 82, 1565–1576 (2004)
    Article Google Scholar
27. Held, I., Ting, M. & Wang, H. Northern winter stationary waves: theory and modeling. J. Clim. 15, 2125–2144 (2002)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
28. Uppala, S. et al. The ERA-40 re-analysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 131, 2961–3012 (2005)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
29. Durre, I., Russell, S. V. & Wuertz, D. B. Overview of the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive. J. Clim. 19, 53–68 (2006)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
30. Emanuel, K. Atmospheric Convection (Oxford Univ. Press, 1994)
    Google Scholar
31. Collins, W. et al. The formulation and atmospheric simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model: CAM3. J. Clim. 19, 2144–2161 (2006)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
32. Huffman, G. et al. The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. J. Hydrometeorol. 8, 38–55 (2007)
    Article ADS Google Scholar

Download references