Embolus extravasation is an alternative mechanism for cerebral microvascular recanalization (original) (raw)

• Siebler, M., Kleinschmidt, A., Sitzer, M., Steinmetz, H. & Freund, H. J. Cerebral microembolism in symptomatic and asymptomatic high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Neurology 44, 615–618 (1994)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Markus, H. S., Thomson, N. D. & Brown, M. M. Asymptomatic cerebral embolic signals in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Brain 118, 1005–1011 (1995)
  Article Google Scholar
• Vermeer, S. E. et al. Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1215–1222 (2003)
  Article Google Scholar
• Collen, D. On the regulation and control of fibrinolysis. Edward Kowalski Memorial Lecture. Thromb. Haemost. 43, 77–89 (1980)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Powers, W. J., Grubb, R. L. Jr, Darriet, D. & Raichle, M. E. Cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen requirements for cerebral function and viability in humans. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 5, 600–608 (1985)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Levin, E. G. & del Zoppo, G. J. Localization of tissue plasminogen activator in the endothelium of a limited number of vessels. Am. J. Pathol. 144, 855–861 (1994)
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zlokovic, B. V. et al. Expression of tissue plasminogen activator in cerebral capillaries: possible fibrinolytic function of the blood–brain barrier. Neurosurgery 37, 955–961 (1995)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rapp, J. H. et al. Atheroemboli to the brain: size threshold for causing acute neuronal cell death. J. Vasc. Surg. 32, 68–76 (2000)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Grutzendler, J., Kasthuri, N. & Gan, W. B. Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex. Nature 420, 812–816 (2002)
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Muller, W. A. Leukocyte–endothelial–cell interactions in leukocyte transmigration and the inflammatory response. Trends Immunol. 24, 327–334 (2003)
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Engelhardt, B. & Wolburg, H. Mini-review: Transendothelial migration of leukocytes: through the front door or around the side of the house? Eur. J. Immunol. 34, 2955–2963 (2004)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Dejana, E. Endothelial cell–cell junctions: happy together. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 261–270 (2004)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kamei, M. et al. Endothelial tubes assemble from intracellular vacuoles in vivo . Nature 442, 453–456 (2006)
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Carman, C. V. & Springer, T. A. A transmigratory cup in leukocyte diapedesis both through individual vascular endothelial cells and between them. J. Cell Biol. 167, 377–388 (2004)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Peppiatt, C. M., Howarth, C., Mobbs, P. & Attwell, D. Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes. Nature 443, 700–704 (2006)
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., Estrada, E. Y., Thompson, J. F., Liu, W. & Rosenberg, G. A. Matrix metalloproteinase-mediated disruption of tight junction proteins in cerebral vessels is reversed by synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor in focal ischemia in rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 27, 697–709 (2007)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Stratman, A. N. et al. Endothelial cell lumen and vascular guidance tunnel formation requires MT1-MMP-dependent proteolysis in 3-dimensional collagen matrices. Blood 114, 237–247 (2009)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Page-McCaw, A., Ewald, A. J. & Werb, Z. Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 221–233 (2007)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Farkas, E. & Luiten, P. G. Cerebral microvascular pathology in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 64, 575–611 (2001)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zhao, B. Q. et al. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in delayed cortical responses after stroke. Nature Med. 12, 441–445 (2006)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zhang, S., Boyd, J., Delaney, K. & Murphy, T. H. Rapid reversible changes in dendritic spine structure in vivo gated by the degree of ischemia. J. Neurosci. 25, 5333–5338 (2005)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Nishimura, N. et al. Targeted insult to subsurface cortical blood vessels using ultrashort laser pulses: three models of stroke. Nature Methods 3, 99–108 (2006)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gleerup, G. & Winther, K. The effect of ageing on platelet function and fibrinolytic activity. Angiology 46, 715–718 (1995)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Arvanitakis, Z., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A. & Bennett, D. A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function. Arch. Neurol. 61, 661–666 (2004)
  Article Google Scholar
• Iadecola, C. Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 5, 347–360 (2004)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lo, E. H., Dalkara, T. & Moskowitz, M. A. Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 4, 399–415 (2003)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Abbott, N. J., Ronnback, L. & Hansson, E. Astrocyte–endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 7, 41–53 (2006)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zlokovic, B. V. The blood–brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Neuron 57, 178–201 (2008)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pugsley, W. et al. The impact of microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass on neuropsychological functioning. Stroke 25, 1393–1399 (1994)
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kleinfeld, D., Mitra, P. P., Helmchen, F. & Denk, W. Fluctuations and stimulus-induced changes in blood flow observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15741–15746 (1998)
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar