Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss (original) (raw)
References
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being_—_Synthesis Report (World Resources Institute, 2005)
Galloway, J. et al. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions and potential solutions. Science320, 889–892 (2008) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Canfield, D. E., Glazer, A. N. & Falkowski, P. G. The evolution and future of Earth’s nitrogen cycle. Science330, 192–196 (2010) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Verhoeven, J. T. et al. Regional and global concerns over wetlands and water quality. Trends Ecol. Evol.21, 96–103 (2006) Article Google Scholar
MacGarvin, M. Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Marine Eutrophication in the United Kingdom (WWF-UK, 2001) Google Scholar
Hartig, E. K., Gornitz, V., Kolker, A., Mushacke, F. & Fallon, D. Anthropogenic and climate-change impacts on salt marshes of Jamaica Bay, New York City. Wetlands22, 71–89 (2002) Article Google Scholar
Tiner, R. W., Huber, I. J., Nuerminger, T. & Marshall, E. Salt Marsh Trends in Selected Estuaries of Southwestern Connecticut. NWI Cooperative Report (US Fish and Wildlife Service, Long Island Studies Program, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 2006) Google Scholar
Diaz, R. J. & Rosenberg, R. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science321, 926–929 (2008) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Valiela, I. & Cole, M. L. Comparative evidence that salt marshes and mangroves may protect seagrass meadows from land-derived nitrogen loads. Ecosystems5, 92–102 (2002) Article Google Scholar
Sousa, A., Lillebø, A. I., Caçador, I. & Pardal, M. Contribution of Spartina maritima to the reduction of eutrophication in estuarine systems. Environ. Pollut.156, 628–635 (2008) ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Childer, D., Day, J. W., Jr & Mckeller, H. H., Jr in Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology (eds Weinstein, M. & Kreeger, D. ) 391–424 (Kluwer Academic, 2000) Google Scholar
Drake, D. et al. Salt marsh ecosystem biogeochemical responses to nutrient enrichment: a paired 15N tracer study. Ecology90, 2535–2546 (2009) ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Deegan, L. A. et al. Susceptibility of salt marshes to nutrient enrichment and predator removal. Ecol. Appl.17, S42–S63 (2007) Article Google Scholar
Bertness, M. D. & Pennings, S. in Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology (eds Weinstein, M. & Kreeger, D. ) 39–58 (Kluwer Academic, 2000) Google Scholar
Pinthus, M. J. Lodging in wheat, barley and oats: the phenomenon, its causes and preventative measures. Adv. Agron.25, 209–263 (1974) Article Google Scholar
Darby, F. A. & Turner, R. E. Effects of eutrophication on salt marsh root and rhizome biomass accumulation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.363, 63–70 (2008) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Mozdzer, T. et al. Nitrogen uptake by the shoots of smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.433, 43–52 (2011) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B. & Mesri, G. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice 3rd edn (Wiley-Interscience, 1996) Google Scholar
Rinaldi, M., Casagli, N., Dapporto, S. & Gargini, A. Monitoring and modelling of pore water pressure changes and riverbank stability during flow events. Earth Surf. Processes Landf.29, 237–254 (2004) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Fagherazzi, S. et al. Numerical models of salt marsh evolution: ecological, geomorphic, and climatic factors. Rev. Geophys.50, RG1002 (2012) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Valiela, I., Teal, J. M. & Persson, N. Y. Production and dynamics of experimentally enriched salt marsh vegetation: belowground biomass. Limnol. Oceanogr.21, 245–252 (1976) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Wigand, C., Brennan, P., Stolt, M., Holt, M. & Ryba, S. Soil respiration rates in coastal marshes subject to increased watershed nitrogen loads in southern New England, USA. Wetlands29, 952–963 (2009) Article Google Scholar
Turner, R. E. et al. Salt marshes and eutrophication: an unsustainable outcome. Limnol. Oceanogr.54, 1634–1642 (2009) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Davey, E. et al. Use of computed tomography imaging for quantifying coarse roots, rhizomes, peat, and particle densities in marsh soils. Ecol. Appl.21, 2156–2171 (2011) Article Google Scholar
Morris, J. T. & Bradley, P. M. Effects of nutrient loading on the carbon balance of coastal wetland sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr.44, 699–702 (1999) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Turner, R. E. Beneath the salt marsh canopy: loss of soil strength with increasing nutrient loads. Estuaries Coasts34, 1084–1093 (2011) ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. W. et al. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature478, 49–56 (2011) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Piehler, M. F. & Smyth, A. R. Habitat-specific distinctions in estuarine denitrification affect both ecosystem function and services. Ecosphere2, art12 (2011) Article Google Scholar
Deegan, L. A. Lessons learned: the effects of nutrient enrichment on the support of nekton by seagrass and saltmarsh ecosystems. Estuaries25, 727–742 (2002) ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Minello, T. J., Able, K. W., Weinstein, M. P. & Hays, C. G. Salt marshes as nurseries for nekton: testing hypotheses on density, growth and survival through meta-analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.246, 39–59 (2003) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Mariotti, G. et al. Influence of storm surges and sea level on shallow tidal basin erosive processes. J. Geophys. Res.115, C11012 (2010) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Johnson, D. S. & Fleeger, J. W. Weak response of saltmarsh infauna to ecosystem-wide nutrient enrichment and fish predator reduction: a four-year study. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.373, 35–44 (2009) Article Google Scholar
Johnson, D. S. High marsh invertebrates are susceptible to eutrophication. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.438, 143–152 (2011) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Niering, W. A. & Warren, R. S. Vegetation patterns and processes in New England salt marshes. Bioscience30, 301–307 (1980) Article Google Scholar
van Eerdt, M. M. The influence of vegetation on erosion and accretion in saltmarshes of the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands. Plant Ecology62, 367–373 (1985) Article Google Scholar
Osman, N. & Barakbah, S. S. Parameters to predict slope stability—soil water and root profiles. Ecol. Eng.28, 90–95 (2006) Article Google Scholar
Kirwan, M. L. & Murray, A. B. A coupled geomorphic and ecological model of tidal marsh evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104, 6118–6122 (2007) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Craft, C., Reader, J., Sacco, J. N. & Broome, S. W. Twenty-five years of ecosystem development of constructed Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshes. Ecol. Appl.9, 1405–1419 (1999) Article Google Scholar
Mendelssohn, I. A. & Morris, J. T. in Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology (eds Weinstein, M. P. & Kreeger, D. A. ) 59–80 (Kluwer Academic, 2000) Google Scholar
O’Shea, M. L. & Brosnan, T. M. Trends in indicators of eutrophication in western Long Island sound and the Hudson-Raritan Estuary. Estuaries23, 877–901 (2000) Article Google Scholar
Bricker, S. et al. Effects of Nutrient Enrichment In the Nation’s Estuaries: A Decade of Change (NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 26, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 2007) Google Scholar
Effland, M. J. Modified procedure to determine acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. Tappi J.60, 143–144 (1977) CAS Google Scholar
Bowen, J. L., Crump, B., Deegan, L. A. & Hobbie, J. E. Increased supply of ambient nitrogen has minimal effect on salt marsh bacterial production. Limnol. Oceanogr.54, 713–722 (2009) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Koop-Jakobsen, K. & Giblin, A. E. The effect of increased nitrate loading on nitrate reduction via denitrification and DNRA in salt marsh sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr.55, 789–802 (2010) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Bernot, M. J. et al. Comparing denitrification estimates for a Texas estuary by using acetylene inhibition and membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.69, 5950–5956 (2003) ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Wollheim, W. M. et al. Global N removal by freshwater aquatic systems using a spatially distributed, within-basin approach. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles22, GB2026 (2008) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Beaulieu, J. J. et al. Nitrous oxide emission from denitrification in stream and river networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108, 214–219 (2011) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Murray, B. C. et al. Green Payments for Blue Carbon. Economic Incentives for Protecting Threatened Coastal Habitats. Nicholas Institute Report NI R 11-04 (Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, 2011) Google Scholar
Hurlbert, S. H. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr.54, 187–211 (1984) Article Google Scholar
Zar, J. H. Biostatistical Analysis 2nd edn (Prentice-Hall, 1984) Google Scholar
Carpenter, S. R., Chisholm, S. W., Krebs, C. J., Schindler, D. W. & Wright, R. F. Ecosystem experiments. Science269, 324–327 (1995) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Schindler, D. W. Replication versus realism: The need for ecosystem-scale experiments. Ecosystems1, 323–334 (1998) Article Google Scholar
Hobbs, N. T. & Hilborn, R. Alternatives to statistical hypothesis testing in ecology: A guide to self teaching. Ecol. Appl.16, 5–19 (2006) Article Google Scholar
Oksanen, L. Logic of experiments in ecology: is pseudoreplication a pseudoissue? Oikos94, 27–38 (2001) Article Google Scholar