Slowdown of the Walker circulation driven by tropical Indo-Pacific warming (original) (raw)
Deser, C., Phillips, A. S. & Alexander, M. A. Twentieth century tropical sea surface temperature trends revisited. Geophys. Res. Lett.. 37, L10701, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043321 (2010)
Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Smith, R. O., Parker, D. E. & Saunby, M. Reassessing biases and other uncertainties in sea surface temperature observations measured in situ since 1850: 2. Biases and homogenization. J. Geophys. Res.. 116, D14104, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015220 (2011)
Xie, S.-P. et al. Global warming pattern formation: sea surface temperature and rainfall. J. Clim.23, 966–986 (2010) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Shin, S. I. & Sardeshmukh, P. D. Critical influence of the pattern of tropical ocean warming on remote climate trends. Clim. Dyn.36, 1577–1591 (2011) Article Google Scholar
Vecchi, G. A. et al. Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing. Nature441, 73–76 (2006) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Held, I. M. & Soden, B. J. Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. J. Clim.19, 5686–5699 (2006) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Vecchi, G. A. & Soden, B. J. Global warming and the weakening of the tropical circulation. J. Clim.20, 4316–4340 (2007) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Tokinaga, H. et al. Regional patterns of tropical Indo-Pacific climate change: evidence of the Walker circulation weakening. J. Clim.25, 1689–1710 (2012) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Power, S. B. & Kociuba, G. What caused the observed twentieth-century weakening of the Walker circulation? J. Clim.24, 6501–6514 (2011) ArticleADS Google Scholar
DiNezio, P., Clement, A. & Vecchi, G. A. Reconciling differing views of tropical Pacific climate change. Eos91, 141–142 (2010) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Clement, A., DiNezio, P. & Deser, C. Rethinking the ocean’s role in the Southern Oscillation. J. Clim.24, 4056–4072 (2011) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Meng, Q. et al. Twentieth century Walker circulation change: data analysis and model experiments. Clim. Dyn.38, 1757–1773 (2012) Article Google Scholar
Meehl, G. A. et al. in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis (eds Solomon, S. et al.). 747–845 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007)
Bunge, L. & Clarke, A. J. A verified estimation of the El Niño index Niño-3.4 since 1877. J. Clim.22, 3979–3992 (2009) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Rayner, N. A. et al. Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res.. 108, 4407, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002670 (2003)
Smith, T. M., Reynolds, R. W., Peterson, T. C. & Lawrimore, J. Improvements to NOAA’s historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880–2006). J. Clim.21, 2283–2296 (2008) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Woodruff, S. D. et al. ICOADS Release 2.5: extensions and enhancements to the surface marine meteorological archive. Int. J. Climatol.31, 951–967 (2011) Article Google Scholar
Kalnay, E. et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.77, 437–471 (1996) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Uppala, S. M. et al. The ERA-40 re-analysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.131, 2961–3012 (2005) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Compo, G. P. et al. The twentieth century reanalysis project. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.137, 1–28 (2011) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Johnson, N. C. & Xie, S. -P. Changes in the sea surface temperature threshold for tropical convection. Nature Geosci.3, 842–845 (2010) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Smith, R. O., Parker, D. E. & Saunby, M. Reassessing biases and other uncertainties in sea surface temperature observations measured in situ since 1850: 1. Measurement and sampling uncertainties. J. Geophys. Res.. 116, D14103, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015218 (2011)
Deser, C. & Phillips, A. S. Simulation of the 1976/77 climate transition over the North Pacific: sensitivity to tropical forcing. J. Clim.19, 6170–6180 (2006) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Meehl, G. A., Hu, A. X. & Santer, B. D. The mid-1970s climate shift in the Pacific and the relative roles of forced versus inherent decadal variability. J. Clim.22, 780–792 (2009) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Ramanathan, V. et al. Atmospheric brown clouds: impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102, 5326–5333 (2005) ArticleADSCAS Google Scholar
Xie, S.-P. et al. Decadal shift in El Niño influences on Indo-western Pacific and East Asian climate in the 1970s. J. Clim.23, 3352–3368 (2010) ArticleADS Google Scholar
The GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team. The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2–LM2: evaluation with prescribed SST simulations. J. Clim.17, 4641–4673 (2004)
Collins, W. D. et al. The formulation and atmospheric simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3). J. Clim.19, 2144–2161 (2006) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Neale, R. B. et al. The mean climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in forced SST and fully coupled experiments. J. Clim. (submitted)
Allan, R. & Ansell, T. A new globally complete monthly historical gridded mean sea level pressure dataset (HadSLP2): 1850-2004. J. Clim.19, 5816–5842 (2006) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Tokinaga, H. & Xie, S.-P. Wave- and anemometer-based sea surface wind (WASWind) for climate change analysis. J. Clim.24, 267–285 (2011) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Chen, M. Y., Xie, P. P., Janowiak, J. E. & Arkin, P. A. Global land precipitation: a 50-yr monthly analysis based on gauge observations. J. Hydrometeorol.3, 249–266 (2002) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Willmott, C. J. & Robeson, S. M. Climatologically aided interpolation (CAI) of terrestrial air temperature. Int. J. Climatol.15, 221–229 (1995) Article Google Scholar
Hulme, M., Osborn, T. J. & Johns, T. C. Precipitation sensitivity to global warming: comparison of observations with HadCM2 simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett.25, 3379–3382 (1998) ArticleADS Google Scholar
Sen, P. K. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. J. Am. Stat. Assoc.63, 1379–1389 (1968) ArticleMathSciNet Google Scholar
Kendall, M. G. Rank Correlation Methods (Griffin, 1975) Google Scholar