The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans (original) (raw)

References

1. Lister, A. M. Behavioural leads in evolution – evidence from the fossil record. Biol. J. Linn. Soc (in the press)
2. Maglio, V. J. Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 63, 1–149 (1973)
   Article Google Scholar
3. Uno, K. T. et al. Late Miocene to Pliocene carbon isotope record of differential diet change among East African herbivores. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 6509–6514 (2011)
   Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
4. Cerling, T. E. et al. Woody cover and hominin environments in the past 6 million years. Nature 476, 51–56 (2011)
   Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
5. Levin, N. E., Brown, F. H., Behrensmeyer, A. K., Bobe, R. & Cerling, T. E. Paleosol carbonates from the Omo Group: isotopic records of local and regional environmental change in East Africa. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 307, 75–89 (2011)
   Article Google Scholar
6. Sanders, W. J., Gheerbrant, E., Harris, J. M., Saegusa, H. & Delmer, C. in Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. (eds Werdelin, L. & Sanders, W. J. ) 161–251 (Univ. of California Press, 2010)
   Book Google Scholar
7. Kingston, J. D. in Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context. Volume 1: Geology, Geochronology, Paleoecology and Paleoenvironment (ed. T. Harrison) Ch. 15 293–328 (Springer, 2011)
   Google Scholar
8. Cerling, T. E., Harris, J. M. & Leakey, M. G. Browsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans. Oecologia 120, 364–374 (1999)
   Article ADS Google Scholar
9. Cerling, T. E. et al. Global change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 389, 153–158 (1997)
   Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
10. Zazzo, A. et al. Herbivore paleodiet and paleoenvironmental changes in Chad during the Pliocene using stable isotope ratios of tooth enamel carbonate. Paleobiology 26, 294–309 (2000)
    Article Google Scholar
11. Hummel, J. et al. Another one bites the dust: faecal silica levels in large herbivores correlate with high-crowned teeth. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 278, 1742–1747 (2011)
    Article Google Scholar
12. Mendoza, M. & Palmqvist, P. Hypsodonty increase in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat? J. Zool. 274, 134–142 (2008)
    Article Google Scholar
13. Janis, C. M. in The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing (eds Gordon, I. J. & Prins, H. H. T. ) 21–45 (Springer, 2008)
    Book Google Scholar
14. Damuth, J. & Janis, C. M. On the relationship between hypsodonty and feeding ecology in ungulate mammals, and its utility in palaeoecology. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 86, 733–758 (2011)
    Article Google Scholar
15. Strömberg, C. A. E. Evolution of hypsodonty in equids: testing a hypothesis of adaptation. Paleobiology 32, 236–258 (2006)
    Article Google Scholar
16. Mihlbachler, M. C., Rivals, F., Solounias, N. & Semprebon, G. M. Dietary change and evolution of horses in North America. Science 331, 1178–1181 (2011)
    Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
17. Lucas, P. W. et al. Mechanisms and causes of wear in tooth enamel: implications for hominin diets. J. R. Soc. Interface 10, 20120923 (2013)
    Article Google Scholar
18. Strömberg, C. A. E. Evolution of grasses and grassland ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39, 517–544 (2011)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
19. Feakins, S. J. & DeMenocal, P. B. in Cenozoic Mammals of Africa (eds Werdelin, L. & Sanders, W. J. ) 45–55 (Univ. of California Press, 2010)
    Book Google Scholar
20. Valentin, C. in Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (eds Walker, B. H. & Steffen, W. ) 317–338 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996)
    Google Scholar
21. Bealey, W. J. et al. Estimating the reduction of urban PM10 concentrations by trees within an environmental information system for planners. J. Envtl. Mgmt. 85, 44–58 (2007)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
22. Codron, D. et al. Functional differentiation of African grazing ruminants: an example of specialized adaptations to very small changes in diet. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 94, 755–764 (2008)
    Article Google Scholar
23. Sanders, W. J. & Haile-Selassie, Y. A new assemblage of Mid-Pliocene proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: taxonomic, evolutionary, and paleoecological considerations. J. Mamm. Evol. 19, 105–128 (2012)
    Article Google Scholar
24. Lister, A. M. et al. New fossil remains of Elephas from the southern Levant: implications for the evolutionary history of the Asian elephant. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.013 (20 May 2013)
25. Lister, A. M. & Sher, A. V. Gradual evolution and speciation in the origin of the woolly mammoth. Science 294, 1094–1097 (2001)
    Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
26. Strömberg, C. A. E. The origin and spread of grass-dominated ecosystems in the Late Tertiary of North America: preliminary results concerning the evolution of hypsodonty. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 177, 59–75 (2002)
    Article Google Scholar
27. Hautier, L. et al. New material of Anancus kenyensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Toros-Menalla (Late Miocene, Chad): contribution to the systematics of African anancines. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 53, 171–176 (2009)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
28. Sanders, W. J. in Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context. Volume 2: Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna (ed. Harrison, T. ) 233–262 (Springer, 2011)
    Book Google Scholar
29. Rohland, N. et al. Proboscidean mitogenomics: chronology and mode of elephant evolution using mastodon as outgroup. PLoS Biol. 5, e207 (2007)
    Article Google Scholar
30. Eggert, L. S., Rasner, C. A. & Woodruff, D. S. The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269, 1993–2006 (2002)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
31. Levin, N. E. Compilation of East Africa soil carbonate stable isotope data. Integrated Earth Data Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/IEDA/100231 (2013)
32. Sikes, N. E. & Ashley, G. M. Stable isotopes of pedogenic carbonates as indicators of paleoecology in the Plio-Pleistocene (upper Bed I), western margin of the Olduvai Basin, Tanzania. J. Hum. Evol. 53, 574–594 (2007)
    Article Google Scholar
33. Quinn, R. L., Lepre, C. J., Wright, J. D. & Feibel, C. S. Paleogeographic variations of pedogenic carbonate δ13C values from Koobi Fora, Kenya: implications for floral compositions of Plio-Pleistocene hominin environments. J. Hum. Evol. 53, 560–573 (2007)
    Article Google Scholar
34. Levin, N. E., Quade, J., Simpson, S. W., Semaw, S. & Rogers, M. Isotopic evidence for Plio-Pleistocene environmental change at Gona, Ethiopia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 219, 93–110 (2004)
    Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
35. Bestland, E. A. & Krull, E. S. Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 156, 965–976 (1999)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
36. Kingston, J. D., Marino, B. D. & Hill, A. Isotopic evidence for Neogene hominid paleoenvironments in the Kenya Rift Valley. Science 264, 955–959 (1994)
    Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
37. Cerling, T. E. et al. Expansion and emergence of C4 plants. Nature 371, 112–113 (1994)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
38. Ségalen, L., Lee-Thorp, J. A. & Cerling, T. Timing of C4 grass expansion across sub-Saharan Africa. J. Hum. Evol. 53, 549–559 (2007)
    Article Google Scholar
39. Cerling, T., Harris, J. & Leakey, M. in Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa Vol. 1 (eds Leakey, M. G. & Harris, J. M. ) 605–624 (Columbia Univ. Press, 2003)
    Google Scholar
40. Bobe, R. The evolution of arid ecosystems in eastern Africa. J. Arid Environ. 66, 564–584 (2006)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
41. MacInnes, D. G. Miocene and post-Miocene Proboscidea from East Africa. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 25, 33–106 (1942)
    Article Google Scholar
42. Tassy, P. Présence du genre Choerolophodon Schlesinger (Proboscidea, Mammalia) dans le Miocène est-africain. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci. Paris 284, 2487–2490 (1977)
    Google Scholar
43. Pickford, M. Afrochoerodon nov. gen. kisumuensis (MacInnes) (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Cheparawa, Middle Miocene, Kenya. Ann. Paleontol. 87, 99–117 (2001)
    Article Google Scholar
44. Tassy, P. Nouveaux Elephantoidea (Mammalia) dans le Miocène du Kenya. Cahiers de Paléontologie (CNRS, Paris, 1986)
    Google Scholar
45. Kunimatsu, Y. et al. A new Late Miocene great ape from Kenya and its implications for the origins of African great apes and humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 19220–19225 (2007)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
46. Tassy, P. in Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa (eds Leakey, M. G. & Harris, J. M. ) 331–358 (Columbia Univ. Press, 2003)
    Google Scholar
47. Tsujikawa, H. The palaeoenvironment of Samburupithecus kiptalami based on its associated fauna. Afr. Study Monogr. 32 (Suppl.). 51–62 (2005)
    Google Scholar
48. Lister, A. M., Sher, A. V., van Essen, H. & Wei, G. The pattern and process of mammoth evolution in Eurasia. Quat. Int. 126–128, 49–64 (2005)
    Article Google Scholar
49. Inuzuka, N. & Takahashi, K. Discrimination between the genera Palaeoloxodon and Elephas and the independent taxonomical position of Palaeoloxodon (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Miscelánea en homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre 2, 234–244 (2004)
    Google Scholar
50. Shoshani, J. et al. Relationships within the Elephantinae using hyoid characters. Quat. Int. 169–170, 174–185 (2007)
    Article Google Scholar
51. Saegusa, H. & Gilbert, W. H. in Homo erectus in Africa, Pleistocene Evidence from the Middle Awash (eds Henry, W., Gilbert, W. H. & Asfaw, B. ) 193–226 (Univ. of California Press, 2008)
    Google Scholar
52. Beden, M. Les Elephants (Loxodonta et Elephas) d’Afrique Orientale. Systématique, phylogénie, intérêt biochronologique. PhD thesis, Univ. Poitiers. (1979)
53. Beden, M. Elephas recki Dietrich, 1915 (Proboscidea, Elephantidae). Évolution au cours du Plio-Pléistocène en Afrique orientale. Geobios 13, 891–901 (1980)
    Article Google Scholar
54. Todd, N. E. Reanalysis of African Elephas recki: implications for time, space and taxonomy. Quat. Int. 126–128, 65–72 (2005)
    Article Google Scholar
55. Ferretti, M. P., Ficcarelli, G., Libsekal, Y., Tecle, T. M. & Rook, L. Fossil elephants from Buia (Northern Afar Depression, Eritrea) with remarks on the systematics of Elephas recki (Proboscidea, Elephantidae). J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 23, 244–257 (2003)
    Article Google Scholar
56. Sanders, W. J. & Haile-Selassie, Y. A new assemblage of Mid-Pliocene proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: taxonomic, evolutionary, and paleoecological considerations. J. Mamm. Evol. 19, 105–128 (2012)
    Article Google Scholar
57. Beden, M. in Koobi Fora Research Project, Vol. 2 (ed. Harris, J. M. ) 40–129 (Clarendon Press, 1983)
    Google Scholar
58. Behrensmeyer, A. K. et al. The Pleistocene locality of Kanjera, Western Kenya: stratigraphy, chronology and paleoenvironments. J. Hum. Evol. 29, 247–274 (1995)
    Article Google Scholar
59. Kalb, J. E. & Mebrate, A. Fossil elephantoids from the hominid-bearing Awash group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 83, 1–114 (1993)
    Article Google Scholar
60. Tassy, P. in Geology and Palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire, Vol. II (eds Senut, B. & Pickford, M. ) 217–257 (CIFEG, 1994)
    Google Scholar
61. Tiercelin, J.-J., Michaux, J. & Bandet, Y. Le Miocène supérieur du Sud de la dépression de l'Afar, Ethiopie: sédiments, faunes, âges isotopiques. Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. 21, 255–258 (1979)
    Article Google Scholar
62. Geraads, D., Alemseged, Z. & Bellon, H. The late Miocene mammalian fauna of Chorora, Awash basin, Ethiopia: systematics, biochronology and 40K-40Ar age of associated volcanics. Tertiary Res. 21, 113–122 (2002)
    Google Scholar
63. International Union for the Conservation of Nature. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12392/0 (accessed 06 April 2013) (2012)
64. Roca, A. L., Georgiadis, N., Pecon-Slattery, J. & O’Brien, S. J. Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa. Science 293, 1473–1477 (2001)
    Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
65. Debruyne, R. Différenciation Morphologique et Moléculaire des Elephantinae (Mammalia, Proboscidea). PhD thesis, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. (2003)
66. Morrison-Scott, T. C. P. A revision of our knowledge of African elephants’ teeth, with notes on forest and “pygmy” elephants. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 117, 505–527 (1947)
    Article Google Scholar
67. Laws, R. M. Age criteria for the African elephant, Loxodonta a. africana. East African Wildlife Journal 4, 1–37 (1966)
    Article Google Scholar
68. Aguirre, E. E. Revisión sistemática de los Elephantidae por su morfología y morfometría dentaria. Estudios Geologicos 24, 109–167; 25, 123–177,. 317–367 (1969)
    Google Scholar
69. Grubb, P., Groves, C. P., Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant 2, 1–4 (2000)
    Article Google Scholar
70. Deino, A. L. in Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context. Volume 1: Geology, Geochronology, Paleoecology and Paleoenvironment (ed. T. Harrison) 77–98 (Springer, 2011)
    Book Google Scholar

Download references