Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments (original) (raw)

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Acknowledgements

We thank T. Robertson and A. Hahn at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility for providing species’ georeference points, A. Ordonez for providing growth form data, and A. Miller and D. Ackerly for helpful comments on a draft of this manuscript. Support for this work was given to the working group “Tempo and Mode of Plant Trait Evolution: Synthesizing Data from Extant and Extinct Taxa” by the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent), National Science Foundation grant #EF- 0905606 and Macquarie University Genes to Geoscience Research Centre.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA,
    Amy E. Zanne
  2. Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, 63121, Missouri, USA
    Amy E. Zanne
  3. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, 83844, Idaho, USA
    David C. Tank & Jonathan M. Eastman
  4. Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, 83844, Idaho, USA
    David C. Tank & Jonathan M. Eastman
  5. Department of Ecological Sciences, Systems Ecology, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands,
    William K. Cornwell
  6. Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
    William K. Cornwell, Angela T. Moles, Frank Hemmings & Laura Warman
  7. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA
    Stephen A. Smith
  8. Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada,
    Richard G. FitzJohn
  9. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, New South Wales, Australia
    Richard G. FitzJohn, Mark Westoby, Ian J. Wright & Michelle R. Leishman
  10. Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, 84322, Utah, USA
    Daniel J. McGlinn
  11. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee, USA
    Brian C. O’Meara
  12. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, 55108, Minnesota, USA
    Peter B. Reich & Jacek Oleksyn
  13. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, 2751, New South Wales, Australia
    Peter B. Reich
  14. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, 06459, Connecticut, USA
    Dana L. Royer
  15. Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA
    Douglas E. Soltis & Andre Calaminus
  16. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA
    Douglas E. Soltis & Pamela S. Soltis
  17. Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA
    Douglas E. Soltis & Pamela S. Soltis
  18. Department of Biology, University of Missouri—St Louis, St Louis, 63121, Missouri, USA
    Peter F. Stevens
  19. Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada,
    Lonnie Aarssen
  20. Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, 01610, Massachusetts, USA
    Robert I. Bertin
  21. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom ,
    Rafaël Govaerts
  22. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, 62-035 Kornik, Poland ,
    Jacek Oleksyn
  23. Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, Michigan, USA
    Nathan G. Swenson
  24. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, 96720, Hawaii, USA
    Laura Warman
  25. National Institute for Mathematical & Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee, USA
    Jeremy M. Beaulieu

Authors

  1. Amy E. Zanne
  2. David C. Tank
  3. William K. Cornwell
  4. Jonathan M. Eastman
  5. Stephen A. Smith
  6. Richard G. FitzJohn
  7. Daniel J. McGlinn
  8. Brian C. O’Meara
  9. Angela T. Moles
  10. Peter B. Reich
  11. Dana L. Royer
  12. Douglas E. Soltis
  13. Peter F. Stevens
  14. Mark Westoby
  15. Ian J. Wright
  16. Robert I. Bertin
  17. Andre Calaminus
  18. Rafaël Govaerts
  19. Frank Hemmings
  20. Michelle R. Leishman
  21. Jacek Oleksyn
  22. Pamela S. Soltis
  23. Nathan G. Swenson
  24. Laura Warman
  25. Jeremy M. Beaulieu

Contributions

A.E.Z., W.K.C., D.C.T. and J.M.B. designed the initial project, wrote the original manuscript and carried out analyses. J.M.E., S.A.S. and D.C.T. constructed the timetree. J.M.E., R.G.F., D.J.M., B.C.O’M. and S.A.S. were major quantitative contributors, especially with the development of new methods, analyses, graphics and writing. A.T.M., P.B.R., D.L.R., D.E.S., P.F.S., I.J.W. and M.W. were large contributors through the development of initial ideas, methods, dataset curation, analyses and writing. L.A., R.I.B., A.C., R.G., F.H., M.R.L., J.O., P.S.S., N.G.S. and L.W. contributed data sets and discussions, and read drafts.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toAmy E. Zanne.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Additional information

Data and code are deposited at the Dryad Digital Repository (http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.63q27) and TRY (http://www.try-db.org/).

Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Figure 1 Examples of the definition of ‘woody’.

a–d, We defined ‘woody’ as having a prominent aboveground stem that is persistent over time and with changing environmental conditions. a, Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae), Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest, Robbinsville, North Carolina, USA. b, Carnegiea giganteana (Cactaceae), Biosphere II, Tucson, Arizona, USA, c, Rhopalostylis sapida (Arecaceae) and Cyathea sp. (Cyatheaceae), Punakaiki, South Island, New Zealand. d, Pandanus sp. (Pandanaceae), Moreton Bay Research Station, North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, Australia (photographs by A.E.Z.).

Extended Data Figure 2 Reference timetree used for congruification analyses.

Results of the divergence time estimation of 639 taxa of seed plants from the reanalysis of a previously described10 phylogeny. Fossil calibrations are indicated at the nodes with green circles, and numbers correspond to fossils described in Supplementary Table 2. Concentric dashed circles represent 100-Myr intervals as indicated by the scale bar.

Extended Data Table 1 Number of species in different growth forms by clade

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Extended Data Table 2 Coordinated evolutionary model fits for leaf phenology, conduit diameter and climate occupancy

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Extended Data Table 3 Coordinated evolutionary model transition rates

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Extended Data Table 4 Coordinated evolutionary model fits for growth form and climate occupancy

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Supplementary information

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Zanne, A., Tank, D., Cornwell, W. et al. Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments.Nature 506, 89–92 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12872

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