Asia’s glaciers are a regionally important buffer against drought (original) (raw)

References

  1. Zarfl, C., Lumsdon, A., Berlekamp, J., Tydecks, L. & Tockner, K. A global boom in hydropower dam construction. Aquat. Sci. 77, 161–170 (2015)
    Article Google Scholar
  2. Laghari, A. N., Vanham, D. & Rauch, W. The Indus basin in the framework of current and future water resources management. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 16, 1063–1083 (2012)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  3. Immerzeel, W. W., van Beek, L. P. H. & Bierkens, M. F. P. Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science 328, 1382–1385 (2010)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  4. Issues in Managing Water Challenges and Policy Instruments: Regional Perspectives and Case Studieshttps://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1511tn.pdf (International Monetary Fund, 2015)
  5. Himalayan Glaciers: Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Securityhttps://doi.org/10.17226/13449 (National Research Council, 2012)
  6. Natural Capital at Risk: The Top 100 Externalities of Businesshttps://www.trucost.com/publication/natural-capital-risk-top-100-externalities-business/ (TRUCOST, 2013)
  7. The Global Risks Report 2016 11th Editionhttp://www3.weforum.org/docs/Media/TheGlobalRisksReport2016.pdf (World Economic Forum, 2016)
  8. AQUASTAThttp://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed 27 May 2015)
  9. Schleussner, C.-F., Donges, J. F., Donner, R. V. & Schellnhuber, H. J. Armed-conflict risks enhanced by climate-related disasters in ethnically fractionalized countries. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 9216–9221 (2016)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  10. Yatagai, A. et al. APHRODITE: constructing a long-term daily gridded precipitation dataset for Asia based on a dense network of rain gauges. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93, 1401–1415 (2012)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  11. Arendt, A . et al. Randolph Glacier Inventory – A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines: Version 5.0. Global Land Ice Measurements from Space https://www.glims.org/RGI/rgi50_dl.html (Digital Media, 2015)
  12. Kaser, G., Großhauser, M. & Marzeion, B. Contribution potential of glaciers to water availability in different climate regimes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 20223–20227 (2010)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  13. Schaner, N., Voisin, N., Nijssen, B. & Lettenmaier, D. P. The contribution of glacier melt to streamflow. Environ. Res. Lett. 7, 034029 (2012)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  14. Stocker, T. F. et al. (eds) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 342 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013)
  15. Sakai, A. et al. Climate regime of Asian glaciers revealed by GAMDAM glacier inventory. Cryosphere 9, 865–880 (2015)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  16. Hijioka, Y. et al. in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Barros, V. R. et al.) 1327–1370 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014)
  17. Frey, H. et al. Estimating the volume of glaciers in the Himalayan-Karakoram region using different methods. Cryosphere 8, 2313–2333 (2014)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  18. Lehner, B. et al. High resolution mapping of the world’s reservoirs and dams for sustainable river flow management. Front. Ecol. Environ 9, 494–502 (2011)
    Article Google Scholar
  19. The UNEP Environmental Data Explorer, as compiled from World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision (WPP2012), United Nations Population Divisionhttp://ede.grid.unep.ch (United Nations Environment Programme, 2016)
  20. Savoskul, O. S . & Smakhtin, V. Glacier Systems and Seasonal Snow Cover in Six Major Asian River Basins: Water Storage Properties Under Changing Climate. IWMI Research Report No. 149 (International Water Management Institute, 2013)
  21. Malsy, M., aus der Beek, T. & Flörke, M. Evaluation of large-scale precipitation data sets for water resources modelling in Central Asia. Environ. Earth Sci. 73, 787–799 (2015)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  22. Qi, W., Zhang, C., Fu, G., Sweetapple, C. & Zhou, H. Evaluation of global fine-resolution precipitation products and their uncertainty quantification in ensemble discharge simulations. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20, 903–920 (2016)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  23. Dahri, Z. H. et al. An appraisal of precipitation distribution in the high-altitude catchments of the Indus basin. Sci. Total Environ. 548–549, 289–306 (2016)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  24. Hewitt, K. Glacier change, concentration, and elevation effects in the Karakoram Himalaya, Upper Indus Basin. Mt. Res. Dev. 31, 188–200 (2011)
    Article Google Scholar
  25. New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M. & Makin, I. A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas. Clim. Res. 21, 1–25 (2002)
    Article Google Scholar
  26. Kääb, A., Treichler, D., Nuth, C. & Berthier, E. Brief Communication: Contending estimates of 2003-2008 glacier mass balance over the Pamir–Karakoram–Himalaya. Cryosphere 9, 557–564 (2015)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  27. Farinotti, D. et al. Substantial glacier mass loss in the Tien Shan over the past 50 years. Nat. Geosci. 8, 716–722 (2015)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  28. Berthier, E. et al. Remote sensing estimates of glacier mass balances in the Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya, India). Remote Sens. Environ. 108, 327–338 (2007)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  29. Dyurgerov, M. B . & Meier, M. F. Glaciers and the Changing Earth System: A 2004 Snapshot. Occasional Paper No. 58 (INSTAAR, University of Colorado, 2005)
  30. Bolch, T., Pieczonka, T. & Benn, D. I. Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery. Cryosphere 5, 349–358 (2011)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  31. Bolch, T. et al. The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. Science 336, 310–314 (2012)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  32. Zemp, M. et al. Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century. J. Glaciol. 61, 745–762 (2015)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  33. Van Liew, M. W. & Garbrecht, J. Hydrologic simulation of the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed using SWAT. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 39, 413–426 (2003)
    Article Google Scholar
  34. Wu, K. & Johnston, C. Hydrologic response to climatic variability in a Great Lakes Watershed: a case study with the SWAT model. J. Hydrol. 337, 187–199 (2007)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  35. Abeysingha, N. S. et al. Assessment of water yield and evapotranspiration over 1985 to 2010 in the Gomti River basin in India using the SWAT model. Curr. Sci. 108, 2202–2212 (2015)
    Google Scholar
  36. Strauch, M. et al. Adjustment of global precipitation data for enhanced hydrologic modeling of tropical Andean watersheds. Clim. Change 141, 547–560 (2017)
    Article Google Scholar
  37. Abbaspour, K. et al. Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur Watershed using SWAT. J. Hydrol. 333, 413–430 (2007)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  38. Singh, P. & Bengtsson, L. Impact of warmer climate on melt and evaporation for the rainfed, snowfed and glacierfed basins in the Himalayan region. J. Hydrol. 300, 140–154 (2005)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  39. Arnold, J. G ., Kiniry, J. R ., Srinivasan, R ., Williams, J. R . & Neitsch, S. L. Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation, Version 2012 http://swat.tamu.edu/documentation/2012-io/ (Texas A&M University, 2012)
  40. George, C. & Leon, L. F. WaterBase: SWAT in an open source GIS. Open Hydrol. J. 2, 1–6 (2008)
    Google Scholar
  41. Saha, S . et al. NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) 6-hourly Products, January 1979 to December 2010 https://doi.org/10.5065/D69K487J (Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, 2010)
  42. Singh, P. & Jain, S. K. Snow and glacier melt in the Satluj River at Bhakra Dam in the western Himalayan region. Hydrol. Sci. J. 47, 93–106 (2002)
    Article Google Scholar
  43. Srinavasin, R., Zhang, X. & Arnold, J. SWAT ungauged: hydrological budget and crop yield predictions in the Upper Mississippi River basin. Trans. ASABE 53, 1533–1546 (2010)
    Article Google Scholar
  44. Bookhagen, B. & Burbank, D. W. Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge. J. Geophys. Res. 115, F03019 (2010)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
  45. Gassert, F ., Luck, M ., Landis, M ., Reig, P . & Shiao, T. Aqueduct Global Maps 2.0 https://wri.org/publication/aqueduct-global-maps-20 (World Resources Institute, 2013)

Download references