Mutations in nuclear pore genes NUP93, NUP205 and XPO5 cause steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (original) (raw)

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the families and study individuals for their contributions. We thank the Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics for whole-exome sequencing analysis and M. Mihatsch and H. Hopfer (Basel, Switzerland) for providing histology data. This research was supported by a grant from the US National Institutes of Health to F.H. (DK076683) and by core funding of the Max Planck Society to W.A. H.Y.G. is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future planning (2015R1D1A1A01056685) and faculty seat money from the Yonsei University College of Medicine (2015-32-0047). W.T. is supported by the ASN Foundation for Kidney Research. F.O. is supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) (EURenOmics; grant 2012-305608). The Nephrogenetics Laboratory at Hacettepe University was established by the Hacettepe University Infrastructure Project (grant 06A101008). F.H. was also supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation and a Warren E. Grupe Professorship.

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1. Daniela A Braun, Carolin E Sadowski and Stefan Kohl: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
   Daniela A Braun, Carolin E Sadowski, Stefan Kohl, Svjetlana Lovric, Werner L Pabst, Heon Yung Gee, Shazia Ashraf, Jennifer A Lawson, Shirlee Shril, Merlin Airik, Weizhen Tan, David Schapiro, Jia Rao, Won-Il Choi, Tobias Hermle & Friedhelm Hildebrandt
2. Friedrich Miescher Laboratory, Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany
   Susanne A Astrinidis & Wolfram Antonin
3. Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
   Heon Yung Gee
4. Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
   Markus J Kemper
5. Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
   Martin Pohl
6. Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
   Fatih Ozaltin
7. Nephrogenetics Laboratory, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
   Fatih Ozaltin
8. Center for Biobanking and Genomics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
   Fatih Ozaltin
9. Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
   Martin Konrad
10. Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
    Radovan Bogdanovic
11. Department of Pediatrics II, Pediatric Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
    Rainer Büscher
12. Institute of Pathology, Kidney Registry, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
    Udo Helmchen
13. Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Dr. Behçet Uz Children Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
    Erkin Serdaroglu
14. Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    Richard P Lifton
15. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
    Richard P Lifton & Friedhelm Hildebrandt

Authors

1. Daniela A Braun
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2. Carolin E Sadowski
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3. Stefan Kohl
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4. Svjetlana Lovric
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5. Susanne A Astrinidis
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6. Werner L Pabst
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7. Heon Yung Gee
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8. Shazia Ashraf
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9. Jennifer A Lawson
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10. Shirlee Shril
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11. Merlin Airik
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12. Weizhen Tan
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13. David Schapiro
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14. Jia Rao
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15. Won-Il Choi
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16. Tobias Hermle
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17. Markus J Kemper
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18. Martin Pohl
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19. Fatih Ozaltin
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20. Martin Konrad
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21. Radovan Bogdanovic
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22. Rainer Büscher
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23. Udo Helmchen
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24. Erkin Serdaroglu
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25. Richard P Lifton
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26. Wolfram Antonin
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27. Friedhelm Hildebrandt
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Contributions

D.A.B., C.E.S., S.K., S.L., W.L.P., S.A., H.Y.G., S.S., M.A., W.T., J.R., D.S., W.-I.C., T.H., R.P.L. and F.H. generated whole-genome linkage data, performed exome capture with massively parallel sequencing, and performed whole-exome evaluation and mutation analysis. D.A.B. performed luciferase reporter gene assays, podocyte in vitro experiments and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. D.A.B., S.K. and J.A.L. performed immunofluorescence and subcellular localization studies in tissues and cell lines by confocal microscopy. W.A. and S.A.A. performed depletion and add-back assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments analyzing Nup93-Nup205 interaction. M.J.K., M.P., F.O., M.K., R. Bogdanovic, R. Büscher, E.S., U.H., D.A.B., C.E.S., S.K., S.L., W.L.P., S.A., H.Y.G., S.S. and F.H. recruited patients and gathered detailed clinical information for the study. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript. F.H. conceived and directed the project and wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toFriedhelm Hildebrandt.

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Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Homozygosity mapping and WES identify NUP93 mutations in two additional families with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

(a) Homozygosity mapping identifies recessive candidate loci. In two families with nephrotic syndrome, A1626 and A2241, non-parametric LOD scores (NPL) were calculated and plotted across the human genome. The x axis shows Affymetrix 250K StyI array SNP positions on human chromosomes concatenated from the p terminus (left) to the q terminus (right). Genetic distance is given in cM. Maximum NPL peaks (red circles) indicate candidate regions of homozygosity by descent. The NUP93 locus (arrowhead) is positioned within one of the maximum NPL peaks on chromosome 16q. (b) Primer location for RT-PCR analysis of an individual with a splice-site mutation in NUP93 (red and blue arrows, referring to c and d, respectively). (c,d) RT-PCR analysis of the NUP93 transcript in patient A1394-21 harboring the c.1537+1G>A mutation in intron 13 and a control individual using primers located in exons 11 and 14 (c) and exons 12 and 14 (d). In addition to the wild-type bands of 518 bp (c) or 405 bp (d) corresponding to normal splicing, bands of 326 bp (c) and 213 bp (d), respectively, were detected in the cDNA of individual A1394-21. (e) Sanger sequencing of the RT-PCR product from A1394-21 showed that the c.1537+1G>A mutation leads to aberrant splicing, with in-frame skipping of exon 13 (192 bp).

Supplementary Figure 2 Sequencing traces.

Sanger sequencing traces are shown for ten individuals from eight families with mutations in NUP93 (a), NUP205 (b) and XPO5 (c). Arrowheads denote altered nucleotides. p, paternal; m, maternal; WT, wild type.

Supplementary Figure 3 Renal histologies of individuals A2403, A3256 and A1394 with recessive mutations in NUP93.

(a) H&E staining at high magnification (63×) shows diffuse mesangial sclerosis in A2403-21 and focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis in A3256-21 and A1394-21. (b) H&E staining at low magnification (40×) shows tubular atrophy, tubular dilation with protein casts and cysts with interstitial infiltrations. (c) Transmission electron microscopy images show partial foot process effacement (arrowheads) (15,000× magnification). N/D, no data. Scale bars: 30 μm (a,b) and 2 μm (c).

Supplementary Figure 4 Interaction of nuclear pore complex (NPC) proteins NUP93 and NUP205 with SMAD, importin 7 (IPO7) and exportin 5 (XPO5) showing the positions of the mutations that abrogate interactions.

(a) Subcomplexes of the NPC are depicted and labeled in different colors. (b) Inset from a. NUP93 and NUP155 are tethered to the nuclear membrane by NUP53. The three-dimensional structure of NUP93 is shown in relation to the likely positions of interaction with NUP205, IPO7 or SMADs. The positions of the NUP93 and NUP205 mutations that abrogate the interaction and were found in individuals with SRNS are marked by yellow lightning signs. (c) BMP7 binding to its receptor causes phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8, resulting in dissociation from the receptor and binding to SMAD4. The SMAD4/1/5/8 complex interacts with importin 7, enabling the SMAD complex to enter the nucleus through the NPC via NUP93 interaction, bind to cognate DNA sites and initiate transcription of SMAD downstream targets. (d) XPO5 binds to SMAD4 for nuclear export. Deletion of the nuclear export signal of SMAD4 abrogates interaction with XPO5.

Supplementary Figure 5 NUP93, NUP205 and XPO5 localize to developing podocytes.

(a–c) Neonatal rat coronal kidney sections at embryonic day 16.5 p.c. were stained with antibodies against NUP93, NUP205 or XPO5 (green) and the podocyte nuclear marker WT1 (red). Note that NUP93 (a) and NUP205 (b) mark nuclear envelopes with a nuclear rim pattern in podocyte precursor cells (arrowheads) at the capillary loop stage and in other cell types in developing kidney. Anti-XPO5 antibody (c) prominently marks the nuclear content of cells in developing kidney with a dot-like pattern (arrow). Scale bars, 25 μm.

Supplementary Figure 6 Knockdown of NUP93 and its interactor NUP188 but not NUP153 impairs the migratory phenotype of human podocytes in vitro.

As compared to basal migration rate (dotted black line), the migration rate of human podocytes is increased after administration of serum as a chemoattractant (solid black line). Knockdown of NUP93 impairs the podocyte migration rate in vitro (blue line). Knockdown of NUP188, encoding a direct interaction partner of NUP93, causes a similar but less pronounced reduction in the cell migration rate (yellow line). In contrast, knockdown of the gene encoding the nuclear basket protein NUP153 does not affect cell migration (purple line).

Supplementary Figure 7 NUP93 interacts with NUP205.

GFP-tagged NUP205 precipitates Myc-tagged NUP93 upon co-overexpression in HEK293 cells. Mutant clones reflecting the alleles of NUP93 identified in individuals with SRNS do not abrogate the interaction.

Supplementary Figure 8 Myc-tagged NUP93 interacts with GFP-tagged SMAD4 upon co-overexpression in HEK293 cells.

Clones reflecting the C-terminal mutations identified in individuals with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (Lys442Asn_fs*14, Gly591Val, Tyr629Cys) abrogate the interaction.

Supplementary Figure 9 Knockdown of NUP93 interferes with BMP7-induced activation of SMAD signaling.

(a) Upon knockdown of NUP93 using two different shRNAs in HEK293 cells, BMP7 fails to induce efficient translocation of SMAD4 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus as compared to negative control (scrambled shRNA). (b) Whereas transfection with wild-type Nup93 rescues the cytoplasm to nucleus translocation of SMAD4 (white arrows), all five mutants detected in individuals with SRNS fail to rescue SMAD4 translocation in HEK293 cells. Scale bars: 5 μm (a) and 25 μm (b).

Supplementary Figure 10 Knockdown of NUP93 but not NUP188 decreases SMAD reporter activity upon BMP7 stimulation.

HEK293 cells were transfected with luciferase reporter constructs under the control of a SMAD-responsive promoter allowing measurement of SMAD activity in response to BMP7 stimulation (rc-BMP7). As compared to scrambled control siRNA, knockdown of NUP93 significantly reduces SMAD reporter activity (lane 2 versus 3). Knockdown of NUP153, encoding a nuclear basket protein, induces less pronounced but significant reduction of SMAD reporter activity. Knockdown of NUP188, encoding a direct interactor of NUP93, does not reduce SMAD reporter activity.

Supplementary Figure 11 SMAD1/5 phosphorylation upon BMP7 treatment and NUP93 knockdown in HEK293 cells.

Treatment of HEK293 cells with recombinant BMP7 induces phosphorylation of SMAD1/5 after 60 min (top). Transfection of HEK293 cells with shRNA against human NUP93 results in efficient knockdown of NUP93 as compared to scrambled control (middle). The β-actin control (bottom) confirms equal loading.

Supplementary Figure 12 Characterization of the antibodies against NUP93 and NUP205 by immunoblotting.

(a–c) Characterization of the anti-NUP93 antibody (mouse, Santa Cruz, sc-374400). (a) The antibody detects N-terminally Myc-tagged full-length human NUP93 (N-Myc-hs_NUP93_FL), as well as N-terminally GFP-tagged full-length mouse Nup93 (N-GFP-mm_NUP93_FL) upon overexpression in HEK293 cells. (b) Detection of endogenous NUP93 in the nuclear fraction of human podocytes at the expected relative mobility of 93 kDa. (c) Knockdown of NUP93 in human podocytes using three different siRNAs demonstrates the specificity of the detected band at ~93 kDa. (d–f) Characterization of the anti-NUP205 antibody (rabbit polyclonal, Sigma, HPA024574). (d) The antibody detects N-terminally GFP-tagged full-length human NUP205 (N-GFP-hs_NUP205_FL), as well as N-terminally Myc-tagged full-length human NUP205 (N-Myc-hs_NUP205_FL) upon overexpression in HEK293T cells. (e) Detection of endogenous NUP205 in the nuclear fraction of human podocytes at the expected relative mobility of 205 kDa. (f) Knockdown of NUP205 in human podocytes using four different siRNAs demonstrates the specificity of the detected band at ~205 kDa. The β-actin and SP1 controls confirm equal loading.

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Braun, D., Sadowski, C., Kohl, S. et al. Mutations in nuclear pore genes NUP93, NUP205 and XPO5 cause steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.Nat Genet 48, 457–465 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3512

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• Received: 18 September 2015
• Accepted: 22 January 2016
• Published: 15 February 2016
• Issue Date: April 2016
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3512