Stability of an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the androgen receptor gene in transgenic mice (original) (raw)

References

  1. La Spada, A.R., Wilson, E.M., Lubahn, D.B., Harding, A.E. & Fischbeck, K.H. Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nature 352, 77–79 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  2. Macdonald, M.E. et al. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. Cell 72, 971–983 (1993).
    Article Google Scholar
  3. Orr, H.T. et al. Expansion of an unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat In spinocerebeilar ataxia type-1. Nature Genet. 4, 221–226 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  4. Koide, R.T. et al. Unstable expansion of CAG repeat in hereditary dentatorubral-pallldoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). Nature Genetics 6, 9–13 (1994).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. Sobue, G. et al. X-linked recessive bulbospinal nueronopathy. A clinicopathological study. Brain 112, 209–232 (1989).
    Article Google Scholar
  6. La Spada, A.R. et al. Meiotic stability and genotype-phenotype correlation of the trinucleotide repeat In X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nature Genet. 2, 301–304 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Biancalana, V. et al. Moderate Instability of the trinucleotide repeat in spino-bulbar muscular atrophy. Hum. molec. Genet 1, 255–258 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  8. Igarashi, S. et al. Strong correlation between the number of CAG repeats in androgen receptor genes and the clinical onset of features of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Neurology 42, 2300–2302 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Doyu, M. et al. Severity of X-linked recessive bulbospinal neuronopathy correlates with size of the tandem CAG repeat in androgen receptor gene. Ann. Neurol. 32, 707–710 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  10. Arnheiter, H., Skuntz, S., Noteborn, M., Chang, S. & Meier, E.S. Transgenic mice with intra cellular immunity to Influenza virus. Cell 62, 51–61 (1990).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  11. Forss-Petter, S. et al. Transgenic mice expressing beta-galactosidase in mature neurons under neuron-specific enolase promoter control. Neuron 5, 187–197 (1990).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  12. He, W.W. et al. Molecular cloning of androgen receptors from divergent species with a polymerase chain reaction technique: complete cDNA sequence of the mouse androgen receptor and isolation of androgen receptor cDNA probes from dog, guinea pig and clawed frog. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 171, 697–704 (1990).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  13. Husmann, D.A., Wilson, C., McPhaul, M.J., Tilley, W.D. & Wilson, J.D. Antipeptlde antibodies to two distinct regions of the androgen receptor localize the receptor protein to the nuclei of target cells in the rat and human prostate. Endocrinology 126, 2359–2368 (1990).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  14. He, W.W., Kumar, M.V. & Tindall, D.J. Aframe-shift mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes complete androgen insensitivity in the testicular-feminized mouse. Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 2373–2378 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  15. Fishel, R. et al. The human mutator gene homolog msh2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon-cancer. Cell 75, 1027–1038 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  16. Strand, M., Prolla, T.A., Liskay, R.M. & Petes, T.D. Destabilization of tracts of simple repetitive DNA in yeast by mutations affecting DMA mismatch repair. Nature 365, 274–276 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Richards, R.I., Holman, K., Yu, S. & Sutherland, G.R. Fragile X syndrome unstable element, p(CGG)n, and other simple tandem repeat sequences are binding sites for specific nuclear proteins. Hum. molec. Genet. 2, 1429–1435 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  18. Mhatre, A.N. et al. Reduced transcriptional regulatory competence of the androgen receptor in x-llnked spinal and bulbar muscular-atrophy. Nature Genet. 5, 184–188 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  19. Sar, M. & Stumpf, W.E. Androgen concentration in motor neurons of cranial nerves and spinal cord. Science 197, 77–79 (1977).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  20. Forger, N.G., Hodges, L.L., Roberts, S.L. & Breedlove, S.M. Regulation of motoneuron death in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavemosus. J. Neurobiol. 23, 1192–1203 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  21. Araki, I., Harada, Y. & Kuno, M. Target-dependent hormonal control of neuron size in the rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus. J. Neurosci. 11, 3025–3033 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  22. Fishman, R.B. & Breedlove, S.M. Local perineal implants of antiandrogen block masculinlzation of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavemosus. Devel. Brain Res. 70, 283–286 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  23. Willems, P.J. Dynamic mutations hit double figures. Nature Genet. 8, 213–215 (1994).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  24. Simental, J.A., Star, M., Lane, M.V., French, F.S. & Wilson, E.M. Transcriptional activation and nuclear targeting signals of the human androgen receptor. J. biol. Chem. 266, 510–518 (1991).
    CAS Google Scholar
  25. Palmiter, R.D. & Brinster, R.L. Germ-line transformation of mice. A. Rev. Genet. 20, 465–499 (1986).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  26. Sanger, F., Niklen, S. & Coulson, R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5463–5467 (1977).
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references