Conceptualizing human variation (original) (raw)

References

  1. Andreasen, R.O. Race: Biological reality or social construct. Philos. Sci. (Proc.) 67, S653–S666 (2000).
    Article Google Scholar
  2. Keita, S.O.Y. & Boyce, A.J. “Race”: Confusion about zoological and social taxonomies, and their places in science. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13, 569–575 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  3. Andreason, R.O. A new perspective on the race debate. Brit. J. Philos. Sci. 49, 199–225 (1998).
    Article Google Scholar
  4. Lewontin, R. Not In Our Genes (Pantheon, New York, 1984).
  5. Livingstone, F. On the non-existence of human races. Curr. Anthropol. 3, 279–281 (1962).
    Article Google Scholar
  6. Gordon, H. Genetics and race. S. Afr. Med. J. 39, 533–536 (1965).
    CAS Google Scholar
  7. Stepan, N. The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain 1800–1960 (London and Basingstoke, 1982).
    Book Google Scholar
  8. Deniker, J. The Races of Man (Walter Scott, London, 1900).
    Google Scholar
  9. Garn, S. Human Races. (McGraw Hill, Springfield, 1961).
    Google Scholar
  10. Mayr, E. & Ashlock, P. Principles of Systematic Zoology 2nd edn. (McGraw Hill, New York, 1991).
    Google Scholar
  11. Avise, J.C. & Ball, R.M. Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy. Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. 7, 45–67 (1990).
    Google Scholar
  12. Wilson, E.O. & Brown, W.L. The subspecies concept and its taxonomic application. Syst. Zool. 2, 97–111 (1953).
    Article Google Scholar
  13. Brown, W.L. & Wilson, E.O. The case against the Trinomen. Syst. Zool. 3, 174–176 (1953).
    Article Google Scholar
  14. Ruvolo, M. Genetic diversity in hominoid primates. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 26, 515–540 (1997).
    Article Google Scholar
  15. Keita, S.O.Y. & Kittles, R.A. The persistence of racial thinking and the myth of racial divergence. Am. Anthropol. 99, 534–544 (1997).
    Article Google Scholar
  16. Latter, B.D. Genetic differences within and between populations of the major human groups. Am. Nat. 116, 220 (1980)
    Article Google Scholar
  17. Lewontin, R.C. The apportionment of human diversity. Evol. Biol. 6, 381–398 (1972).
    Google Scholar
  18. Long, J.C. & Kittles, R.A. Human genetic diversity and the non-existence of biological races. Hum. Biol. 75, 449–471 (2003).
    Article Google Scholar
  19. Nei, M. & Roychoudhury, A.K. Evolutionary relationships of human populations on a global scale. Mol. Biol. Evol. 10, 927–943 (1993).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  20. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Menozzi, P. & Piazza, A. The History and Geography of Human Genes. (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1994).
    Google Scholar
  21. Underhill, P.A. et al. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. Ann. Hum. Genet. 65, 43–62 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  22. Kruglyak, L. & Nickerson, D. Variation is the spice of life. Nat. Genet. 27, 234–236 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  23. Carlson, C.S. et al. Additional SNPs and linkage-disequilibrium analyses are necessary for whole-genome association studies in humans. Nat. Genet. 33, 518–521 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  24. Allen, M., Salden, T., Patterson, U. & Gyllensten, U. Genetic typing of HLA class II genes in Swedish populations: applications in forensic analyses. J. Forensic Sci. 38, 554–570 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  25. Rosenberg, N. et al. Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298, 2381–2385 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  26. Serre, D. & Paabo, S. Evidence of gradients of human genetic diversity within and among continents. Genome Res. 14, 1679–1685 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  27. Collins, F.S., Brooks, L.D. & Chakravarti, A. A DNA polymorphism discovery resource for research on human genetic variation. Genome Res. 8, 1229–1231 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  28. Reich, D. et al. Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nature 411, 199–204 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  29. Weiss, K.M. & Clark, A.G. Linkage disequilibrium and the mapping of complex human traits. Trends Genet. 18, 19–24 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  30. Pritchard, J.K. & Cox, N.J. The allelic architecture of human disease genes: common disease-common variant...or not? Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 2417–2423 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  31. Carlson, C.S. et al. Selecting a maximally informative set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms for association analyses using linkage disequilibrium. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74, 106–120 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  32. Neale, B. & Shan, P. The future of association studies: gene-based analysis and replication. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75, 353–362 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  33. Stanford, J.L. et al. Prostate Cancer Trends 1973-1995. SEER Program, National Cancer Institute NIH Pub No 99-4543. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 1999).
    Google Scholar
  34. Rout, L., The African Experience in Spanish America, 1502 to the Present Day (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976).
    Google Scholar
  35. Barker, D.J.P. In utero programming of chronic disease. Clin. Sci. 95, 115–128 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  36. Sallout, B. & Walker, M. The fetal origin of adult diseases. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 23, 555–560 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references