Natural selection of tumor variants in the generation of “tumor escape” phenotypes (original) (raw)

• Kaplan, D.H. et al. Demonstration of an interferon γ-dependent tumor surveillance system in immunocompetent mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7556–7561 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Diefenbach, A., Jensen, E.R., Jamieson, A.M. & Raulet, D.H. Rae1 and H60 ligands of the NKG2D receptor stimulate tumour immunity. Nature 413, 165–171 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Girardi, M. et al. Regulation of cutaneous malignancy by γδ T cells. Science 294, 605–609 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Street, S.E., Trapani, J.A., MacGregor, D. & Smyth, M.J. Suppression of lymphoma and epithelial malignancies effected by interferon γ. J. Exp. Med. 196, 129–134 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shankaran, V. et al. IFNγ and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity. Nature 410, 1107–1111 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smyth, M.J. et al. Perforin-mediated cytotoxicity is critical for surveillance of spontaneous lymphoma. J. Exp. Med. 192, 755–760 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Takeda, K. et al. Critical role for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in immune surveillance against tumor development. J. Exp. Med. 195, 161–169 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Restifo, N.P. et al. Assumptions of the tumor 'escape' hypothesis. Semin. Cancer Biol. 12, 81–86 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Stoler, D.L. et al. The onset and extent of genomic instability in sporadic colorectal tumor progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 15121–15126 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Johnsen, A.K. et al. Systemic deficits in transporter for antigen presentation (TAP)-1 or proteasome subunit LMP2 have little or no effect on tumor incidence. Int. J. Cancer 91, 366–372 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zheng, P., Sarma, S., Guo, Y. & Liu, Y. Two mechanisms for tumor evasion of preexisting cytotoxic T-cell responses: lessons from recurrent tumors. Cancer Res. 59, 3461–3467 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Restifo, N.P. et al. Loss of functional β2-microglobulin in metastatic melanomas from five patients receiving immunotherapy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 100–108 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Garrido, F. et al. Implications for immunosurveillance of altered HLA class I phenotypes in human tumours. Immunol. Today 18, 89–95 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Algarra, I., Collado, A. & Garrido, F. Altered MHC class I antigens in tumors. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 27, 95–102 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cabrera, T. et al. High frequency of altered HLA class I phenotypes in invasive breast carcinomas. Hum. Immunol. 50, 127–134 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hicklin, D.J. et al. β2-microglobulin mutations, HLA class I antigen loss, and tumor progression in melanoma. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 2720–2729 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Restifo, N.P. et al. Identification of human cancers deficient in antigen processing. J. Exp. Med. 177, 265–272 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Korkolopoulou, P., Kaklamanis, L., Pezzella, F., Harris, A.L. & Gatter, K.C. Loss of antigen-presenting molecules (MHC class I and TAP-1) in lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer 73, 148–153 (1996).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sanda, M.G. et al. Molecular characterization of defective antigen processing in human prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 280–285 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Seliger, B. et al. Expression and function of the peptide transporters in escape variants of human renal cell carcinomas. Exp. Hematol. 25, 608–614 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ramal, L.M. et al. Molecular strategies to define HLA haplotype loss in microdissected tumor cells. Hum. Immunol. 61, 1001–1012 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Versteeg, R. et al. Suppression of class I human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen by c-myc is locus specific. J. Exp. Med. 170, 621–635 (1989).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Soong, T.W. & Hui, K.M. Locus-specific transcriptional control of HLA genes. J. Immunol. 149, 2008–2020 (1992).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Marincola, F.M. et al. Locus-specific analysis of human leukocyte antigen class I expression in melanoma cell lines. J. Immunother. Emphasis. Tumor Immunol. 16, 13–23 (1994).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Koopman, L.A., van Der, S., Giphart, M.J. & Fleuren, G.J. Human leukocyte antigen class I gene mutations in cervical cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91, 1669–1677 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Porgador, A., Mandelboim, O., Restifo, N.P. & Strominger, J.L. Natural killer cell lines kill autologous β2-microglobulin-deficient melanoma cells: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13140–13145 (1997).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bauer, S. et al. Activation of NK cells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress-inducible MICA. Science 285, 727–729 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Groh, V. et al. Broad tumor-associated expression and recognition by tumor-derived γδ T cells of MICA and MICB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 6879–6884 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Garrido, F. & Algarra, I. MHC antigens and tumor escape from immune surveillance. Adv. Cancer Res. 83, 117–158 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gerosa, F. et al. Reciprocal activating interaction between natural killer cells and dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 195, 327–333 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Galea-Lauri, J. et al. Expression of a variant of CD28 on a subpopulation of human NK cells: implications for B7-mediated stimulation of NK cells. J. Immunol. 163, 62–70 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Carbone, E. et al. A new mechanism of NK cell cytotoxicity activation: the CD40-CD40 ligand interaction. J. Exp. Med. 185, 2053–2060 (1997).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Takeda, K. et al. CD27-mediated activation of murine NK cells. J. Immunol. 164, 1741–1745 (2000)
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Apte, R.S., Mayhew, E. & Niederkorn, J.Y. Local inhibition of natural killer cell activity promotes the progressive growth of intraocular tumors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38, 1277–1282 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• de Vries, T.J. et al. Heterogeneous expression of immunotherapy candidate proteins gp100, MART-1, and tyrosinase in human melanoma cell lines and in human melanocytic lesions. Cancer Res. 57, 3223–3229 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hofbauer, G.F., Kamarashev, J., Geertsen, R., Boni, R. & Dummer, R. Melan A/MART-1 immunoreactivity in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary and metastatic melanoma: frequency and distribution. Melanoma Res. 8, 337–343 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jager, E. et al. Inverse relationship of melanocyte differentiation antigen expression in melanoma tissues and CD8+ cytotoxic-T-cell responses: evidence for immunoselection of antigen-loss variants in vivo. Int. J. Cancer 66, 470–476 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lee, K.H. et al. Functional dissociation between local and systemic immune response during anti-melanoma peptide vaccination. J. Immunol. 161, 4183–4194 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Riker, A. et al. Immune selection after antigen-specific immunotherapy of melanoma. Surgery 126, 112–120 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cormier, J.N. et al. Natural variation of the expression of HLA and endogenous antigen modulates CTL recognition in an in vitro melanoma model. Int. J. Cancer 80, 781–790 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schreiber, H., Wu, T.H., Nachman, J. & Kast, W.M. Immunodominance and tumor escape. Semin. Cancer Biol. 12, 25–31 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Straus, S.E. et al. The development of lymphomas in families with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with germline Fas mutations and defective lymphocyte apoptosis. Blood 98, 194–200 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Davidson, W.F., Giese, T. & Fredrickson, T.N. Spontaneous development of plasmacytoid tumors in mice with defective Fas-Fas ligand interactions. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1825–1838 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Takeda, K. et al. Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in surveillance of tumor metastasis by liver natural killer cells. Nature Med. 7, 94–100 (2001)
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Salvesen, G.S. & Dixit, V.M. Caspase activation: the induced-proximity model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10964–10967 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Irmler, M. et al. Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP. Nature 388, 190–195 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Medema, J.P., de Jong, J., van Hall, T., Melief, C.J. & Offringa, R. Immune escape of tumors in vivo by expression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1033–1038 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Landowski, T.H., Qu, N., Buyuksal, I., Painter, J.S. & Dalton, W.S. Mutations in the Fas antigen in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 90, 4266–4270 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gronbaek, K. et al. Somatic Fas mutations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: association with extranodal disease and autoimmunity. Blood 92, 3018–3024 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shin, M.S. et al. Alterations of Fas (Apo-1/CD95) gene in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Am. J. Pathol. 154, 1785–1791 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shin, M.S. et al. Alterations of Fas-pathway genes associated with nodal metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 21, 4129–4136 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shin, M.S. et al. Inactivating mutations of CASP10 gene in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Blood 99, 4094–4099 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Medema, J.P. et al. Blockade of the granzyme B/perforin pathway through overexpression of the serine protease inhibitor PI-9/SPI-6 constitutes a mechanism for immune escape by tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11515–11520 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hersey, P. & Zhang, X.D. How melanoma cells evade trail-induced apoptosis. Nature Rev. Cancer 1, 142–150 (2001).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Schwartz, R.H. A cell culture model for T lymphocyte clonal anergy. Science 248, 1349–1356 (1990).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chen, L. et al. Tumor immunogenicity determines the effect of B7 costimulation on T cell-mediated tumor immunity. J. Exp. Med. 179, 523–532 (1994).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Toi, M. et al. Clinical significance of the determination of angiogenic factors. Eur. J. Cancer 32, 2513–2519 (1996).
  Google Scholar
• Oyama, T. et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor affects dendritic cell maturation through the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activation in hemopoietic progenitor cells. J. Immunol. 160, 1224–1232 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Saito, H., Tsujitani, S., Ikeguchi, M., Maeta, M. & Kaibara, N. Relationship between the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and the density of dendritic cells in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue. Br. J. Cancer 78, 1573–1577 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Almand, B. et al. Clinical significance of defective dendritic cell differentiation in cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 1755–1766 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Girolomoni, G. & Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P. Dendritic cells hold promise for immunotherapy. Immunol. Today 18, 102–104 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• De Smedt, T. et al. Effect of interleukin-10 on dendritic cell maturation and function. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 1229–1235 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. et al. T cell-derived IL-10 promotes lung cancer growth by suppressing both T cell and APC function. J. Immunol. 163, 5020–5028 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ludewig, B. et al. Spontaneous apoptosis of dendritic cells is efficiently inhibited by TRAP (CD40-ligand) and TNF-α, but strongly enhanced by interleukin-10. Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 1943–1950 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Carbone, E. et al. Recognition of autologous dendritic cells by human NK cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 29, 4022–4029 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yue, F.Y. et al. Interleukin-10 is a growth factor for human melanoma cells and down-regulates HLA class-I, HLA class-II and ICAM-1 molecules. Int. J. Cancer 71, 630–637 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Salazar-Onfray, F. et al. Down-regulation of the expression and function of the transporter associated with antigen processing in murine tumor cell lines expressing IL-10. J. Immunol. 159, 3195–3202 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zeidler, R. et al. Downregulation of TAP1 in B lymphocytes by cellular and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded interleukin-10. Blood 90, 2390–2397 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ristimaki, A., Honkanen, N., Jankala, H., Sipponen, P. & Harkonen, M. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res. 57, 1276–1280 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sano, H. et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 55, 3785–3789 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wolff, H. et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human lung carcinoma. Cancer Res. 58, 4997–5001 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Huang, M. et al. Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent regulation of cytokine balance in lymphocytes and macrophages: up-regulation of interleukin 10 and down-regulation of interleukin 12 production. Cancer Res. 58, 1208–1216 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gorsch, S.M., Memoli, V.A., Stukel, T.A., Gold, L.I. & Arrick, B.A. Immunohistochemical staining for transforming growth factor β1 associates with disease progression in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 52, 6949–6952 (1992).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Doran, T., Stuhlmiller, H., Kim, J.A., Martin, E.W.J. & Triozzi, P.L. Oncogene and cytokine expression of human colorectal tumors responding to immunotherapy. J. Immunother. 20, 372–376 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chen, W., Frank, M.E., Jin, W. & Wahl, S.M. TGF-β released by apoptotic T cells contributes to an immunosuppressive milieu. Immunity 14, 715–725 (2001)
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fontana, A. et al. Transforming growth factor-β inhibits the generation of cytotoxic T cells in virus-infected mice. J. Immunol. 143, 3230–3234 (1989).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Niehans, G.A. et al. Human lung carcinomas express Fas ligand. Cancer Res. 57, 1007–1012 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hahne, M. et al. Melanoma cell expression of Fas(Apo-1/CD95) ligand: implications for tumor immune escape. Science 274, 1363–1366 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O'Connell, J., O'Sullivan, G.C., Collins, J.K. & Shanahan, F. The Fas counterattack: Fas-mediated T cell killing by colon cancer cells expressing Fas ligand. J. Exp. Med. 184, 1075–1082 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Strand, S. et al. Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells–a mechanism of immune evasion? Nature Med. 2, 1361–1366 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Andreola, G. et al. Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis by tumor cell secretion of FasL-bearing microvesicles. J. Exp. Med. 195, 1303–1316 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Restifo, N.P. Not so Fas: Re-evaluating the mechanisms of immune privilege and tumor escape. Nature Med. 6, 493–495 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Restifo, N.P. Countering the 'counterattack' hypothesis. Nature Med. 7, 259 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chappell, D.B., Zaks, T.Z., Rosenberg, S.A. & Restifo, N.P. Human melanoma cells do not express Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ligand. Cancer Res. 59, 59–62 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Arai, H., Gordon, D., Nabel, E.G. & Nabel, G.J. Gene transfer of Fas ligand induces tumor regression in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13862–13867 (1997).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kang, S.M., Lin, Z., Ascher, N.L. & Stock, P.G. Fas ligand expression on islets as well as multiple cell lines results in accelerated neutrophilic rejection. Transplant. Proc. 30, 538 (1998).
• Drozdzik, M., Qian, C., Lasarte, J.J., Bilbao, R. & Prieto, J. Antitumor effect of allogenic fibroblasts engineered to express Fas ligand (FasL). Gene Ther. 5, 1622–1630 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chen, J.J., Sun, Y. & Nabel, G.J. Regulation of the proinflammatory effects of Fas ligand (CD95L). Science 282, 1714–1717 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zaks, T.Z., Chappell, D.B., Rosenberg, S.A. & Restifo, N.P. Fas-mediated suicide of tumor-reactive T cells following activation by specific tumor: selective rescue by caspase inhibition. J. Immunol. 162, 3273–3279 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cappello, P., Novelli, F., Forni, G. & Giovarelli, M. Death receptor ligands in tumors. J. Immunother. 25, 1–15 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dong, H. et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: A potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nature Med. 8, 793–800 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McHugh, R.S. & Shevach, E.M. Cutting edge: depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is necessary, but not sufficient, for induction of organ-specific autoimmune disease. J. Immunol. 168, 5979–5983 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sakaguchi, S. et al. Immunologic tolerance maintained by CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells: their common role in controlling autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplantation tolerance. Immunol. Rev. 182, 18–32 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sutmuller, R.P. et al. Synergism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade and depletion of CD25+ regulatory T cells in antitumor therapy reveals alternative pathways for suppression of autoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J. Exp. Med. 194, 823–832 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Antony, P.A. & Restifo, N.P. Do CD4+ CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells hinder tumor immunotherapy? J. Immunother. 25, 202–206 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shimizu, J., Yamazaki, S., Takahashi, T., Ishida, Y. & Sakaguchi, S. Stimulation of CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells through GITR breaks immunological self-tolerance. Nature Immunol. 3, 135–142 (2002).
  CAS Google Scholar
• McHugh, R.S. et al. CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells: gene expression analysis reveals a functional role for the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor. Immunity. 16, 311–323 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Green, E.A., Choi, Y. & Flavell, R.A. Pancreatic lymph node-derived CD4+CD25+ Treg cells: highly potent regulators of diabetes that require TRANCE-RANK signals. Immunity 16, 183–191 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Terabe, M. et al. NKT cell-mediated repression of tumor immunosurveillance by IL-13 and the IL-4R-STAT6 pathway. Nature Immunol. 1, 515–520 (2000).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Moodycliffe, A.M., Nghiem, D., Clydesdale, G. & Ullrich, S.E. Immune suppression and skin cancer development: regulation by NKT cells. Nature Immunol. 1, 521–525 (2000).
  CAS Google Scholar