- Dustin, M.L. & Springer, T.A. T-cell receptor cross-linking transiently stimulates adhesiveness through LFA-1. Nature 341, 619–624 (1989).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- van Kooyk, Y. & Figdor, C.G. Avidity regulation of integrins: the driving force in leukocyte adhesion. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12, 542–547 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Constantin, G. et al. Chemokines trigger immediate β2 integrin affinity and mobility changes: differential regulation and roles in lymphocyte arrest under flow. Immunity 13, 759–769 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Stewart, M.P., McDowall, A. & Hogg, N. LFA-1-mediated adhesion is regulated by cytoskeletal restraint and by a Ca2+-dependent protease, calpain. J. Cell Biol. 140, 699–707 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Peterson, E.J. et al. Coupling of the TCR to integrin activation by Slap-130/Fyb. Science 293, 2263–2265 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Griffiths, E.K. et al. Positive regulation of T cell activation and integrin adhesion by the adapter Fyb/Slap. Science 293, 2260–2263 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Bos, J.L., de Rooij, J. & Reedquist, K.A. Rap1 signaling: Adhering to new models. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2, 369–377 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Katagiri, K. et al. Rap1 is a potent activation signal for leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 distinct from protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 1956–1969 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Tohyama, Y. et al. The critical cytoplasmic regions of the αL/β2 integrin in Rap1-induced adhesion and migration. Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 2570–2582 (2003).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sebzda, E., Bracke, M., Tugal, T., Hogg, N. & Cantrell, D.A. Rap1A positively regulates T cells via integrin activation rather than inhibiting lymphocyte signaling. Nat. Immunol. 3, 251–258 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Bertoni, A. et al. Relationships between Rap1b, affinity modulation of integrin αIIbβ3, and the actin cytoskeleton. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 25715–25721 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Reedquist, K.A. et al. The small GTPase, Rap1, mediates CD31-induced integrin adhesion. J. Cell Biol. 148, 1151–1158 (2000).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Suga, K. et al. CD98 induces LFA-1-mediated cell adhesion in lymphoid cells via activation of Rap1. FEBS Lett. 489, 249–253 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Katagiri, K., Hattori, M., Minato, N. & Kinashi, T. Rap1 functions as a key regulator of T-cell and antigen-presenting cell interactions and modulates T-cell responses. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 1001–1015 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Shimonaka, M. et al. Rap1 translates chemokine signals to integrin activation, cell polarization, and motility across vascular endothelium under flow. J. Cell Biol. 161, 417–427 (2003).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Tommasi, S. et al. RASSF3 and NORE1: identification and cloning of two human homologues of the putative tumor suppressor gene RASSF1. Oncogene 21, 2713–2720 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Boussiotis, V.A., Freeman, G.J., Berezovskaya, A., Barber, D.L. & Nadler, L.M. Maintenance of human T cell anergy: blocking of IL-2 gene transcription by activated Rap1. Science 278, 124–128 (1997).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- McLeod, S.J., Li, A.H., Lee, R.L., Burgess, A.E. & Gold, M.R. The Rap GTPases regulate B cell migration toward the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12): potential role for Rap2 in promoting B cell migration. J. Immunol. 169, 1365–1371 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Nassar, N. et al. The 2.2 Å crystal structure of the Ras-binding domain of the serine/threonine kinase c-Raf1 in complex with Rap1A and a GTP analogue. Nature 375, 554–560 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Huang, L., Hofer, F., Martin, G.S. & Kim, S.H. Structural basis for the interaction of Ras with RalGDS. Nat. Struct. Biol. 5, 422–426 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Monks, C.R., Freiberg., B.A., Kupfer, H., Sciaky, N. & Kupfer, A. Three-dimensional segregation of supramolecular activation clusters in T cells. Nature 395, 82–86 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Grakoui, A. et al. The immunological synapse: a molecular machine controlling T cell activation. Science 285, 221–226 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Freiberg, A.F. et al. Staging and resetting of T cell activation in SMACs. Nat. Immunol. 3, 911–917 (2002).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Chant, J. & Stowers, L. GTPase cascades choreographing cellular behavior: movement, morphogenesis, and more. Cell 81, 1–4 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Asha, H., de Ruiter, N.D., Wang, M.G. & Hariharan, I.K. The Rap1 GTPase functions as a regulator of morphogenesis in vivo. EMBO J. 18, 605–615 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Sanchez-Madrid, F. & del Pozo, M.A. Leukocyte polarization in cell migration and immune interactions. EMBO J. 18, 501–511 (1999).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Gomez-Mouton, C. et al. Segregation of leading-edge and uropod components into specific lipid rafts during T cell polarization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9642–9647 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Shimaoka, M., Takagi, J. & Springer, T.A. Conformational regulation of integrin structure and function. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 485, 485–516 (2002).
Article Google Scholar
- Reilly, P.L. et al. The native structure of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a dimer. Correlation with binding to LFA-1. J. Immunol. 155, 529–532 (1995).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Miller, J. et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 dimerization and its consequences for adhesion mediated by lymphocyte function associated-1. J. Exp. Med. 182, 1231–1241 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Hughes, P.E. et al. Breaking the integrin hinge. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 6571–6574 (1996).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Lu, C.-H. & Springer, T.A. The α subunit cytoplasmic domain regulates the assembly and adhesiveness of integrin lymphocyte-function-associated antigen-1. J. Immunol. 159, 268–278 (1997).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kucik, D.F., Dustin, M.L., Miller, J.M. & Brown, E.J. Adhesion-activating phorbol ester increases the mobility of leukocyte integrin LFA-1 in cultured lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 2139–2144 (1996).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Quinn, M.T., Mullen, M.L., Jesaitis, A.J. & Linner, J.G. Subcellular distribution of the Rap1A protein in human neutrophils: colocalization and cotranslocation with cytochrome b559. Blood 79, 1563–1573 (1992).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Maridonneau-Parini, I. & de Gunzburg, J. Association of rap1 and rap2 proteins with the specific granules of human neutrophils. Translocation to the plasma membrane during cell activation. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 6396–6402 (1992).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Pizon, V., Desjardins, M., Bucci, C., Parton, R.G. & Zerial, M. Association of Rap1a and Rap1b proteins with late endocytic/phagocytic compartments and Rap2a with the Golgi complex. J. Cell Sci. 107, 1661–1670 (1994).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Berger, G. et al. Ultrastructural localization of the small GTP-binding protein Rap1 in human platelets and megakaryocytes. Br. J. Haematol. 88, 372–382 (1994).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- D'Silva, N.J., Jacobson, K.L., Ott, S.M. & Watson, E.L. β-Adrenergic-induced cytosolic redistribution of Rap1 in rat parotid acini: role in secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 274, C1667–1673 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- York, R.D. et al. Rap1 mediates sustained MAP kinase activation induced by nerve growth factor. Nature 392, 622–626 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Wu, C., Lai, C.F. & Mobley, W.C. Nerve growth factor activates persistent Rap1 signaling in endosomes. J. Neurosci. 21, 5406–5416 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Mochizuki, N. et al. Spatio-temporal images of growth-factor-induced activation of Ras and Rap1. Nature 411, 1065–1068 (2001).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kishiro, Y., Kagawa, M., Naito, I. & Sado, Y. A novel method of preparing Rat-monoclonal antibody-producing hybridomas by using rat medial iliac lymph node cells. Cell Struct. Funct. 20, 151–156 (1995).
Article CAS Google Scholar