Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases (original) (raw)

References

  1. Burnet, F.M. & White, D. Natural History of Infectious Disease (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1972).
    Google Scholar
  2. McMichael, A.J. Human Frontiers, Environments and Disease. Past patterns, uncertain futures (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001).
    Book Google Scholar
  3. Morens, D.M., Folkers, G.K. & Fauci, A.S. The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature 430, 242–249 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  4. McMichael, A.J. Environmental and social influences on emerging infectious diseases: past, present and future. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 359, 1049–1058 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. McMichael, A.J., McKee, M., Shkolnikov, V. & Valkonen, T. Mortality trends and setbacks: global convergence or divergence? Lancet 363, 1155–1159 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  6. Garrett, L. Betrayal of Trust: the Collapse of Global Public Health (Hyperion, New York, 2000).
    Google Scholar
  7. Johnson, N.P. & Mueller, J. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. Bull. Hist. Med. 76, 105–115 (2002).
    Article Google Scholar
  8. Webby, R., Hoffmann, E. & Webster, R. Molecular constraints to interspecies transmission of viral pathogens. Nat. Med. 10, S77–S81 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Palese, P. Influenza: old and new threats. Nat. Med. 10, S82–S87 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  10. De Clercq, E. Antivirals and antiviral strategies. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2, 704–720 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  11. Taylor, L.H., Latham, S.M. & Woolhouse, M.E. Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 356, 983–939 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  12. Weiss, R.A. Virulence and pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol. 10, 314–317 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  13. Speck, R.S. Cholera. in The Cambridge World History of Human Disease (ed. Kiple, K.F.) 642–647 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1993).
    Chapter Google Scholar
  14. Raoult, D. et al. Jail fever (epidemic typhus) outbreak in Burundi. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3, 357–360 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  15. McNeill, W.H. Plagues and Peoples (Penguin, London, 1976).
    Google Scholar
  16. Drancourt, M. et al. Genotyping, orientalis-like Yersinia pestis, and plague pandemics. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 1585–1592 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Diamond, J. Guns, Germs and Steel. A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years (Jonathan Cape, London, 1997).
    Google Scholar
  18. Duffy, J. Smallpox and the Indians in the American colonies. Bull. Hist. Med. 25, 324–341 (1951).
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  19. Anderson, R.M. & May, R.M. Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control (Oxford Univ. Press, 1992).
    Google Scholar
  20. Patz, J.A. et al. Unhealthy landscapes: Policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence. Environ. Health. Perspect. 112, 1092–1098 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  21. Chua, K.B. et al. Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia. Lancet 354, 1257–1259 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  22. Halpin, K., Young, P.L., Field, H. & Mackenzie, J.S. Newly discovered viruses of flying foxes. Vet. Microbiol. 68, 83–87 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  23. Parmenter, R., Brunt, J., Moore, D. & Ernest, S. The hantavirus epidemic in the southwest: rodent population dynamics and the implications for transmission of hantavirus-associated adult respiratory distress syndrome (HARDS) in the four corners region. Sevilleta LTER Publ. (University of New Mexico) 41, 1–44 (1993).
    Google Scholar
  24. Engelthaler, D.M. et al. Climatic and environmental patterns associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Four Corners region, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5, 87–94 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  25. MacKenzie, J.S., Gubler, D.J. & Petersen, L.R. Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses. Nat. Med. 10, S98–S109 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  26. Frenzen, F.D. Deaths due to unknown foodborne agents. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 1536–1543 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  27. Will, R.G. et al. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet 347, 921–925 (1996).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  28. Schwartz, M. How the Cows Turned Mad (University of California Press, London, 2003).
    Google Scholar
  29. Wilson, K. & Ricketts, M.N. Transfusion transmission of vCJD: a crisis avoided? Lancet 364, 477–479 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  30. Koopmans, M. et al. Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet 363, 587–593 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  31. Lee, K. & KewalRamani, V.N. In defense of the cell: TRIM5α interception of mammalian retroviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 10496–10497 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  32. Hahn, B.H., Shaw, G.M., De Cock, K.M. & Sharp, P.M. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science 287, 607–614 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  33. Brockmann, D. Dynamics of epidemics spread across airline networks. in SARS: A Case Study in Emerging Infections (eds. McLean, A.R., May, R., Pattison, J.R. & Weiss, R.A.) (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 2005).
    Google Scholar
  34. Caldwell, J.C. Rethinking the African AIDS epidemic. Popul. Dev. Rev. 26, 117–135 (2000).
    Article Google Scholar
  35. Butler, C. HIV and AIDS, poverty, and causation. Lancet 356, 1445–1446 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  36. Auvert, B. et al. Ecological and individual level analysis of risk factors for HIV infection in four urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa with different levels of HIV infection. AIDS 15 Suppl 4, S15–S30 (2001).
    Article Google Scholar
  37. Johnson, A.M. et al. Sexual behaviour in Britain: partnerships, practices, and HIV risk behaviours. Lancet 358, 1835–1842 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  38. Morse, S.S. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1, 7–15 (1995).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  39. Cohen, A. Urban unfinished business. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 13, S29–S36 (2003).
    Article Google Scholar
  40. Tiemersma, D.W. et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe, 1999–2002. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 1627–1634 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  41. Blower, S.M. & Chou, T. Modeling the emergence of the 'hot zones': tuberculosis and the amplification dynamics of drug resistance. Nat. Med. 10, 1111–1116 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  42. Drucker, E., Alcabes, P.G. & Marx, P.A. The injection century: massive unsterile injections and the emergence of human pathogens. Lancet 358, 1989–1992 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  43. Darby, S.C. et al. Mortality before and after HIV infection in the complete UK population of haemophiliacs. Nature 377, 79–82 (1995).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  44. Pealer, L.N. et al. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1236–1245 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  45. Iwamoto, M. et al. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2196–2203 (2003).
    Article Google Scholar
  46. Butel, J.S. & Lednicky, J.A. Cell and molecular biology of simian virus 40: implications for human infections and disease. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 91, 119–134 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  47. zur Hausen, H. SV40 in human cancers—an endless tale? Int. J. Cancer. 107, 687 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  48. Patience, C., Takeuchi, Y. & Weiss, R.A. Infection of human cells by an endogenous retrovirus of pigs. Nat. Med. 3, 282–286 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  49. Weiss, R.A. Transgenic pigs and virus adaptation. Nature 391, 327–328 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  50. Magre, S. et al. Reduced sensitivity to human serum inactivation of enveloped viruses produced by pig cells transgenic for human CD55 or deficient for the galactosyl-α(1–3) galactosyl epitope. J. Virol. 78, 5812–5819 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  51. Weiss, R.A. Gulliver's travels in HIVland. Nature 410, 963–967 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  52. Weiss, R.A. & McLean, A.R. What have we learnt from SARS? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 359, 1137–1140 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  53. Hale, P. et al. Mission now possible for AIDS fund. Nature 412, 271–272 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  54. Perel, P., McGuire, M., Eapen, K. & Ferraro, A. Research on preventing road traffic injuries in developing countries is needed. BMJ 328, 895 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  55. Peiris, J.S.M., Guan, Y. & Yuen, K.Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat. Med. 10, S88–S97 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  56. Levy, S.B. & Marshall, B. Antimicrobial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nat. Med. 10, S122–S129 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  57. Bell, D., Roberton, S. & Hunter, P.R. Animal origins of SARS coronavirus: possible links with the international trade in small carnivores. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 359, 1107–1114 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  58. Mahy, B.W.J. Zoonoses and haemorrhagic fever. in Safety of Biological Products Prepared from Mammalian Cell Culture. Dev. Biol. Stand. 93 (eds. Brown, F., Griffiths, E., Horaud, F. & Petricciani, J.C.) 31–36 (Karger, Basel, 1998).
    Google Scholar
  59. Wolfe, N.D. et al. Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central African hunters. Lancet 363, 932–927 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
  60. Di Giulio, D.B. & Eckburg, P.B. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 4, 15–25 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar

Download references