Optical biosensors in drug discovery (original) (raw)

• Wood, R. W. Diffraction gratings with controlled groove form and adnormal distribution of intensity. Phil. Mag. 23, 310–317 (1912).
  Article Google Scholar
• Burstein, E., Chen, W. P., Chen, W. J. & Hartstein, A. Surface polaritons — propagating electromagnetic modes at interfaces. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 11, 1004–1019 (1974).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bernard, B. & Lengeler, B. Electronic Structure of Noble Metals and Polariton-Mediated Light Scattering (eds Agranovich, V. M. & Mills, D. L.) (Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 1978).
  Google Scholar
• Liedberg, B., Nylander, C. & Lundstroem, I. Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing. Lab. Sensors Actuators 4, 299–304 (1983).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Flanagan, M. T. & Pantell, R. H. Surface plasmon resonance and immunosensors. Electron Lett. 20, 968–970 (1984).
  Article Google Scholar
• Guermazi, S. et al. Further evidence for the presence of anti-protein S autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 11, 491–498 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Catimel, B., Weinstock, J., Nerrie, M., Domagala, T. & Nice, E. C. Micropreparative ligand fishing with a cuvette-based optical mirror resonance biosensor. J. Chromatogr. A 869, 261–273 (2000).An example of a cuvette-based biosensor that was used with a specific monoclonal antibody to isolate and concentrate a ligand in a form suitable for subsequent sensitive and specific downstream analysis (HPLC, SDS–PAGE and western blotting).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Elliott, J. L., Mogridge, J. & Collier, R. J. A quantitative study of the interactions of Bacillus anthracis edema factor and lethal factor with activated protective antigen. Biochemistry 39, 6706–6713 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Charalambous, B. M. & Feavers, I. M. Peptide mimics elicit antibody responses against the outer-membrane lipooligosaccharide of group B Neisseria meningitidis FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 19, 45–50 (2000).
  Article Google Scholar
• Chen, H. M., Clayton, A. H., Wang, W. & Sawyer, W. H. Kinetics of membrane lysis by custom lytic peptides and peptide orientations in membrane. Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 1659–1669 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Xing, L. et al. Distinct cellular receptor interactions in poliovirus and rhinoviruses. EMBO J. 19, 1207–1216 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Inoue, K., Arai, T. & Aoyagi, M. Sensitivity of real time viral detection by an optical biosensor system using a crude home-made antiserum against measles virus as a ligand. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 22, 210–213 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McDermott, B. M. Jr, Rux, A. H., Eisenberg, R. J., Cohen, G. H. & Racaniello, V. R. Two distinct binding affinities of poliovirus for its cellular receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 23089–23096 (2000).The kinetics and equilibrium of poliovirus binding to the poliovirus receptor was determined using surface plasmon resonance, which allowed elucidation of the mode of interaction of a soluble form of the receptor with poliovirus.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Achen, M. G. et al. Monoclonal antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor-D block its interactions with both VEGF receptor-2 and VEGF receptor-3. Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 2505–2515 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jokiranta, T. S., Hellwage, J., Koistinen, V., Zipfel, P. F. & Meri, S. Each of the three binding sites on complement factor H interacts with a distinct site on C3b. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 27657–27662 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vogel, M. et al. Mimicry of human IgE epitopes by anti-idiotypic antibodies. J. Mol. Biol. 298, 729–735 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Stoop, A. A., Jespers, L., Lasters, I., Eldering, E. & Pannekoek, H. High-density mutagenesis by combined DNA shuffling and phage display to assign essential amino acid residues in protein–protein interactions: application to study structure–function of plasminogen activation inhibitor I (PAI-I). J. Mol. Biol. 301, 1135–1147 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Andersen, O. M. et al. Identification of the minimal functional unit in the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein for binding the receptor-associated protein (RAP). J. Biol. Chem. 275, 21017–21024 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Holaska, J. M. et al. Calreticulin is a receptor for nuclear export. J. Cell Biol. 152, 127–140 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Uegaki, K. et al. Structure of the CAD domain of caspase-activated DNase and interaction with the CAD domain of its inhibitor. J. Mol. Biol. 297, 1121–1128 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nielsen, P. K. et al. Identification of a major heparin and cell binding site in the LG4 module of the laminin α5 chain. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 14517–14523 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Li, S. Y., Ramsden, J. J., Prenosil, J. E. & Heinzle, E. Measurement of adhesion and spreading kinetics of baby hamster kidney and hybridoma cells using an integrated optical method. Biotechnol. Prog. 10, 520–524 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gaullier, J. M., Ronning, E., Gillooly, D. J. & Stenmark, H. Interaction of the EEA1 FYVE finger with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and early endosomes. Role of conserved residues. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 24595–24600 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ellson, C. D. et al. PtdIns(3)P regulates the neutrophil oxidase complex by binding to the PX domain of p40(phox). Nature Cell Biol. 3, 679–682 (2001).An important paper that shows how optical biosensors, together with functional assays, can be used to rapidly determine how the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils is driven by the assembly of a multiprotein, membrane-associated complex.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Jensen, K. K., Orum, H., Nielsen, P. E. & Norden, B. Kinetics for hybridization of peptide nucleic acids (PNA) with DNA and RNA studied with the BIAcore technique. Biochemistry 36, 5072–5077 (1997).A demonstration of the ability of SPR biosensors to rapidly determine DNA, RNA and PNA hybridization kinetics and affinities.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sando, S., Saito, I. & Nakatani, K. Scanning of guanine–guanine mismatches in DNA by synthetic ligands using surface plasmon resonance. Nature Biotechnol. 19, 51–55 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bier, F. F., Kleinjung, F. & Scheller, F. W. Real time measurement of nucleic acid hybridization using evanescent wave sensors — steps towards the genosensor. Sensors Actuators B 38–39, 78–82 (1997).
  Article Google Scholar
• Hart, D. J., Speight, R. E., Cooper, M. A., Sutherland, J. D. & Blackburn, J. M. The salt dependence of DNA recognition by NF-κB p50: a detailed kinetic analysis of the effects on affinityand specificity. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 1063–1069 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Blaesing, F., Weigel, C., Welzeck, M. & Messer, W. Analysis of the DNA-binding domain of Escherichia coli DnaA protein. Mol. Microbiol. 36, 557–569 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Steinrucke, P. et al. Design of helical proteins for real-time endoprotease assays. Anal. Biochem. 286, 26–34 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Scire, A., Tanfani, F., Saccucci, F., Bertoli, E. & Principato, G. Specific interaction of cytosolic and mitochondrial glyoxalase II with acidic phospholipids in form of liposomes results in the inhibition of the cytosolic enzyme only. Proteins 41, 33–39 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Homola, J., Yee, S. S. & Gauglitz, G. Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review. Sensors Actuators B 54, 3–15 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Leatherbarrow, R. J. & Edwards, P. R. Analysis of molecular recognition using optical biosensors. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3, 544–547 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mullett, W. M., Lai, E. P. & Yeung, J. M. Surface plasmon resonance-based immunoassays. Methods 22, 77–91 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McDonnell, J. M. Surface plasmon resonance: towards an understanding of the mechanisms of biological molecular recognition. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 5, 572–577 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Myszka, D. G. Survey of the 1998 optical biosensor literature. J. Mol. Recogn. 12, 390–408 (1999).This comprehensive review that is updated each year by the author is an excellent source of more detailed information on existing and novel applications of optical biosensors.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rich, R. L. & Myszka, D. G. Survey of the 1999 surface plasmon resonance biosensor literature. J. Mol. Recogn. 13, 388–407 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Myszka, D. G. & Rich, R. L. Implementing surface plasmon resonance biosensors in drug discovery. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today 3, 310–317 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weimar, T. Recent trends in the application of evanescent wave biosensors. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn Engl. 39, 1219–1221 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Ziegler, C. & Gopel, W. Biosensor development. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2, 585–591 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ulman, A. Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers. Chem. Rev. 96, 1533–1554 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Silberzan, P., Leger, L., Ausserre, D. & Benattar, J. J. Silanation of silica surfaces — a new method of constructing pure or mixed monolayers. Langmuir 7, 1647–1651 (1991).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lahiri, J., Isaacs, L., Tien, J. & Whitesides, G. M. A strategy for the generation of surfaces presenting ligands for studies of binding based on an active ester as a common reactive intermediate: a SPR study. Anal. Chem. 71, 777–790 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sigal, G. B., Bamdad, C., Barberis, A., Strominger, J. & Whitesides, G. M. A self-assembled monolayer for the binding and study of histidine tagged proteins by surface plasmon resonance. Anal. Chem. 68, 490–497 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ernst, O. P., Bieri, C., Vogel, H. & Hofmann, K. P. Intrisic biophysical monitors of transducin activation: UV-visible spectroscopy, light scattering and evanescent field techniques. Methods Enzymol. 315, 471–489 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cooper, M. A. Binding of vancomycin group antibiotics to d-alanine and d-lactate presenting self-assembled monolayers. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8, 2609–2616 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mrksich, M., Grunwell, J. R. & Whitesides, G. M. Specific adsorption of carbonic anhydrase to self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates that present benzenesulfonamide groups on gold. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 12009–12010 (1995).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Löfås, S. & Johnsson, B. A novel hydrogel matrix on gold surfaces in surface plasmon resonance sensors for fast and efficient covalent immobilization of ligands. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1526–1528 (1990).
• Robinson, J. C., Kerjan, P. & Mirande, M. Macromolecular assemblage of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: quantitative analysis of protein–protein interactions and mechanism of complex assembly. J. Mol. Biol. 304, 983–994 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fitz, L., Cook, S., Nickbarg, E., Wang, J. H. & Wood, C. R. Accelerating ligand indentification. BIAjournal 2, 23–25 (1998).
  Google Scholar
• Natsume, T. et al. Combination of biomolecular interaction analysis and mass spectrometric amino acid sequencing. Anal. Chem. 72, 4193–4198 (2000).A methodological paper that describes the integration of an SPR biosensor with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in which material from a complex source (a bacterial lysate) is isolated on the chip, digested and identified by mass spectrometry.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Williams, C. & Addona, T. A. The integration of SPR biosensors with mass spectrometry: possible applications for proteome analysis. Trends Biotechnol. 18, 45–48 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Karlsson, R. & Falt, A. Experimental design for the kinetic analysis of protein–protein interactions with surface plasmon resonance biosensors. J. Immunol. Methods 200, 121–133 (1997).An essential paper for anyone wishing to learn more about the issues that are crucial to good experimental design and data analysis when using optical biosensors.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Roden, L. D. & Myszka, D. G. Global analysis of a macromolecular interaction — myoglobin and anti-myoglobin antibody. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 1073–1077 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Myszka, D. G. Improving biosensor analysis. J. Mol. Recogn. 12, 279–284 (1999).A highly valuable source of practical information for experimentalists and analysts.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zhu, G., Yang, B. & Jennings, R. N. Quantitation of basic fibroblast growth factor by immunoassay using BIAcore 2000. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 24, 281–290 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Polzius, R., Bier, F. F., Bilitewski, U., Jäger, V. & Schmid, R. D. On-line monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in animal cell culture using a grating coupler. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42, 1287–1292 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Karlsson, R. Real-time competitive kinetic analysis of interactions between low-molecular-weight ligands in solution and surface-immobilized receptors. Anal. Biochem. 221, 142–151 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Karlsson, R. et al. Biosensor analysis of drug target interactions: direct and competitive binding assays for investigation of interactions between thrombin and thrombin inhibitors. Anal. Biochem. 278, 1–13 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Markgren, P. O., Hamalainen, M. & Danielson, U. H. Kinetic analysis of the interaction between HIV-1 protease and inhibitors using optical biosensor technology. Anal. Biochem. 279, 71–78 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hamalainen, M. D. et al. Characterization of a set of HIV-1 protease inhibitors using binding kinetics data from a biosensor-based screen. J. Biomol. Screen. 5, 353–360 (2000).An important paper that introduces the concept of screening small-molecule–receptor complexes for affinity and stability using the kinetic data generated by optical biosensors.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Boehm, H. J. et al. Novel inhibitors of DNA gyrase: 3D structure based biased needle screening, hit validation by biophysical methods, and 3D guided optimization. A promising alternative to random screening. J. Med. Chem. 43, 2664–2674 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Berezov, A., Zhang, H. T., Greene, M. I. & Murali, R. Disabling erbB receptors with rationally designed exocyclic mimetics of antibodies: structure–function analysis. J. Med. Chem. 44, 2565–2574 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nelson, R. W., Nedelkov, D. & Tubbs, K. A. Biosensor chip mass spectrometry: a chip-based proteomics approach. Electrophoresis 21, 1155–1163 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nelson, R. W. & Krone, J. R. Advances in surface plasmon resonance biomolecular interaction analysis mass spectrometry (BIA/MS). J. Mol. Recogn. 12, 77–93 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Nelson, R. W., Jarvik, J. W., Taillon, B. E. & Tubbs, K. A. BIA/MS of epitope-tagged peptides directly from E. coli lysate: multiplex detection and protein identification at low-femtomole to subfemtomole levels. Anal. Chem. 71, 2858–2865 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Takayama, S. et al. Isolation and characterization of pollen coat proteins of Brassica campestris that interact with S locus-related glycoprotein 1 involved in pollen–stigma adhesion. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 3765–3770 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sönksen, C. P., Nordhoff, E., Jansson, Ö., Malmqvist, M. & Roepstorff, P. Combining MALDI mass spectrometry and biomolecular interaction analysis using a biomolecular interaction analysis instrument. Anal. Chem. 70, 2731–2736 (1998).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Nedelkov, D. & Nelson, R. W. Practical considerations in BIA/MS: optimizing the biosensor–mass spectrometry interface. J. Mol. Recogn. 13, 140–145 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Williams, C. Biotechnology match making: screening orphan ligands and receptors. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 11, 42–46 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nedelkov, D., Rasooly, A. & Nelson, R. W. Multitoxin biosensor–mass spectrometry analysis: a new approach for rapid, real-time, sensitive analysis of Staphylococcal toxins in food. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 60, 1–13 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frostell-Karlsson, A. et al. Biosensor analysis of the interaction between immobilized human serum albumin and drug compounds for prediction of human serum albumin binding levels. J. Med. Chem. 43, 1986–1992 (2000).An SPR biosensor is used to determine the serum-binding properties of a wide range of drugs and then the calculated percent bound is correlated to those data obtained by other techniques.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Danelian, E. et al. SPR biosensor studies of the direct interaction between 27 drugs and a liposome surface: correlation with fraction adsorbed in humans. J. Med. Chem. 43, 2083–2086 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ramsden, J. J. Partition coefficients of drugs in bilayer lipid membranes. Experientia 49, 688–692 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• FDA Docket No. 98D 0374 (FDA, 1999).
• Reynhardt, K. O. & Subramanayam, M. Biacore's SPR technology in a GMP-regulated environment. Biacore J. 1, 12–14 (2001).
  Google Scholar
• Ritter, G. et al. Serological analysis of human anti-human antibody responses in colon cancer patients treated with repeated doses of humanized monoclonal antibody A33. Cancer Res. 61, 6851–6859 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Takacs, M. A., Jacobs, S. J., Bordens, R. M. & Swanson, S. J. Detection and characterization of antibodies to PEG-IFN-α2b using surface plasmon resonance. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 19, 781–789 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Swanson, S. J. et al. Applications for the new electrochemiluminescent (ECL) and biosensor technologies. Dev. Biol. Stand. 97, 135–147 (1999).A review of the uses of optical biosensor- and electrochemiluminescent-based immunoassays in the analysis of clinical samples.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Heyse, S., Stora, T., Schmid, E., Lakey, J. H. & Vogel, H. Emerging techniques for investigating molecular interactions at lipid membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1376, 319–338 (1998).An excellent review of model membrane systems and their use with a wide variety of optical-biosensing techniques.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sackmann, E. & Tanaka, M. Supported membranes on soft polymer cushions: fabrication, characterization and applications. Trends Biotechnol. 18, 58–64 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Graham, J. M. & Higgins, J. A. Membrane Analysis (Springer–Verlag, New York, 1997).
  Google Scholar
• Terrettaz, S., Stora, T., Duschl, C. & Vogel, H. Protein-binding to supported lipid membranes: investigation of the cholera toxin–ganglioside interaction by simultaneous impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance. Langmuir 9, 1361–1369 (1993).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Athanassopoulou, N., Davies, R. J., Edwards, P. R., Yeung, D. & Maule, C. H. Cholera toxin and G(M1): a model membrane study with IAsys. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 27, 340–343 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Puu, G. & Gustafson, I. Planar lipid bilayers on solid supports from liposomes — factors of importance for kinetics and stability. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1327, 149–161 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Michielin, O., Ramsden, J. J. & Vergeres, G. Unmyristoylated MARCKS-related protein (MRP) binds to supported planar phosphatidylcholine membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1375, 110–116 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lang, H., Dushcl, C. & Vogel, H. A new class of thiolopids for the attachment of lipid bilayers on gold surfaces. Langmuir 10, 197–210 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Stora, T., Dienes, Z., Vogel, H. & Duschl, C. Histidine-tagged amphiphiles for the reversible formation of lipid bilayer aggregates on chelator-functionalized gold surfaces. Langmuir 16, 5471–5478 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Schmidt, E. K. et al. Incorporation of the acetylcholine receptor dimer from Torpedo californica in a peptide supported lipid membrane investigated by surface plasmon and fluorescence spectroscopy. Biosens. Bioelectron. 13, 585–591 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cornell, B. A. et al. A biosensor that uses ion-channel switches. Nature 387, 580–583 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Salamon, Z., Wang, Y., Souagales, J. L. & Tollin, G. SPR spectroscopy studies of membrane proteins: transducin binding and activation by rhodopsin monitored in thin membrane films. Biophys. J. 71, 283–294 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Salamon, Z. & Tollin, G. Surface plasmon resonance studies of complex formation between cytochrome c and bovine cytochrome c oxidase incorporated into a supported planar lipid bilayer. II. Binding of cytochrome c to oxidase-containing cardiolipin/phosphatidylcholine membranes. Biophys. J. 71, 858–867 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cooper, M. A., Hansson, A., Löfås, S. & Williams, D. H. A vesicle capture sensor chip for kinetic analysis of binding to membrane-bound receptors. Anal. Biochem. 277, 196–205 (2000).A practical guide to the use of polymer-cushioned membranes with SPR in the detection of analytes that bind to membrane-associated receptors.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sackmann, E. Supported membranes: scientific and practical applications. Science 271, 43–48 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Spinke, J. et al. Polymer-supported bilayer on a solid substrate. Biophys. J. 63, 1667–1671 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Erdelen, C. et al. Self-assembled disulfide-functionalized amphiphilic copolymers on gold. Langmuir 10, 1246–1250 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Karlsson, O. P. & Lofas, S. Flow-mediated on-surface reconstitution of G-protein-coupled receptors for applications in surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Anal. Biochem. 300, 132–138 (2002).An example of an in situ reconstitution of a GCPR (rhodopsin) on a polymer-supported-bilayer sensor chip with demonstrated GTP-dependent binding of transducin.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hovis, J. S. & Boxer, S. G. Patterning and composition arrays of supported lipid bilayers by microcontact printing. Langmuir 17, 3400–3405 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Yang, T., Simanek, E. E. & Cremer, P. Creating addressable aqueous microcompartments above solid supported phospholipid bilayers using lithographically patterned poly(dimethylsolixane) molds. Anal. Chem. 121, 8130–8131 (2000).
  Google Scholar
• Boden, N. et al. The design and synthesis of simple molecular tethers for binding biomembranes to a gold surface. Tetrahedron 53, 10939–10952 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rothenhausler, B. & Knoll, W. Surface-plasmon microscopy. Nature 332, 615–617 (1988).
  Article Google Scholar
• Catimel, B. et al. Kinetic analysis of the interaction between the monoclonal antibody A33 and its colonic epithelial antigen by the use of an optical biosensor; a comparison of immobilization strategies. J. Chromatogr. 776, 15–30 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Johnsson, B. et al. Comparison of methods for immobilization to carboxymethyldextran sensor surfaces by analysis of the specific activity of monoclonal antibodies. J. Mol. Recogn. 8, 125–136 (1995).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Löfås, S. et al. Methods for site controlled coupling to carboxymethyldextran surfaces in surface plasmon resonance sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 10, 813–822 (1995).
  Article Google Scholar
• Nunomura, W., Takakuwa, Y., Parra, M., Conboy, J. & Mohandas, N. Regulation of protein 4.1R, p55, and glycophorin C ternary complex in human erythrocyte membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 24540–24546 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stolowitz, M. et al. Phenylboronic acid–salicylhydroxamic acid bioconjugates I: a novel boronic acid complex for protein immobilization. Bioconj. Chem. 12, 229–239 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Nilsson, P., Persson, B., Uhlén, M. & Nygren, P.-Å. Real-time monitoring of DNA manipulations using biosensor technology. Anal. Biochem. 224, 400–408 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grunden, A. M., Self, W. T., Villain, M., Blalock, J. E. & Shanmugam, K. T. An analysis of the binding of repressor protein ModE to ModABCD (molybdate transport) operator/promoter DNA of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 24308–24315 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kazemier, B., de Haard, H., Boender, P., van Gemen, B. & Hoogenboom, H. Determination of active single chain antibody concentrations in crude periplasmic fractions. J. Immunol. Meth. 194, 201–209 (1996).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Nice, E. et al. Mapping of the antibody- and receptor-binding domains of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor using an optical biosensor: comparison with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay competition studies. J. Chromatogr. 646, 159–168 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O'Shannessy, D. J., O'Donnell, K. C., Martin, J. & Brigham-Burke, M. Detection and quantitation of hexa-histidine-tagged recombinant proteins on western blots and by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor technique. Anal. Biochem. 229, 119–124 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nieba, L. et al. Biacore analysis of histidine-tagged proteins using a chelating NTA sensor chip. Anal. Biochem. 252, 217–228 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Radler, U., Mack, J., Persike, N., Jung, G. & Tampe, R. Design of supported membranes tethered via metal-affinity ligand-receptor pairs. Biophys. J. 79, 3144–3152 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Müller, K. M., Arndt, K. M., Bauer, K. & Plückthun, A. Tandem immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography/immunoaffinity purification of His-tagged proteins — evaluation of two anti-His-tag monoclonal antibodies. Anal. Biochem. 259, 54–61 (1998).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Schuck, P. Kinetics of ligand binding to receptors immobilized in a polymer matrix, as detected with an evanescent wave biosensor. A computer simulation of the influence of mass transport. Biophys. J. 70, 1230–1249 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Roos, H., Karlsson, R., Nilshans, H. & Persson, A. Thermodynamic analysis of protein interactions with biosensor technology. J. Mol. Recogn. 11, 204–210 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zeder-Lutz, G., Zuber, E., Witz, J. & Van Regenmortel, M. H. Thermodynamic analysis of antigen-antibody binding using biosensor measurements at different temperatures. Anal. Biochem. 246, 123–132 (1997).This paper shows that interaction affinities, kinetics and thermodynamics can all be obtained using an optical biosensor.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar