Integrating ethics and science in the International HapMap Project (original) (raw)

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Acknowledgements

Full details of acknowledgements are given in the online supplementary information S2 (box). We thank many people who contributed to addressing the ethical, social and cultural issues in this project: J. Greenberg, R. Anderson, J. Beck and the staff of the Coriell Institute, M. Inaba, H. Zhao, Y. Wang, W. Hu, H. Zhao, Y. Gao, Q. Zhang, Y. Zheng, D. Guan, W. Jiang, J. Li, Z. Li, W. Luo, K. Shen, X. Zhou, Y. Li, X. Feng, J. Ren, M. Deschênes, B. Godard, S. Adeniyi-Jones, D. Burgess, W. Burke, T. Citrin, D. Cowhig, P. Epps, K. Hofman, A. Holt, E. Juengst, J. Levin, A. Obuoforibo, F. Romero, C. Tamura, Y. Wang, S. Olson, A. Peck, J. Witonsky, E. DeHaut-Combs, S. Saylor, M. Gray, the people of Tokyo, Japan, the Yoruba people of Ibadan, Nigeria and the community at Beijing Normal University who participated in public consultations and community engagements, and the people in these communities who were generous in donating their blood samples. This work was supported in part by Genome Canada, Génome Québec, the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Natural Science Foundation of China, the Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission, the University Grants Committee of Hong Kong, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Wellcome Trust, the SNP Consortium, the US National Institutes of Health (FIC, NCI, NCRR, NEI, NHGRI, NIA, NIAAA, NIAID, NIAMS, NIBIB, NIDA, NIDCD, NIDCR, NIDDK, NIEHS, NIGMS, NIMH, NINDS, OD), the W. M. Keck Foundation and the Delores Dore Eccles Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 455 W. Lindsey, Room 520, Norman, 73019-0535, Oklahoma, USA
    Morris W. Foster

Consortia

The International HapMap Consortium

Corresponding author

Correspondence toMorris W. Foster.

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Competing interests

The author declare no competing financial interests.

Additional information

The International HapMap Consortium is a partnership of scientists and funding agencies from Canada, China, Japan, Nigeria, the United Kingdom and the United States to develop a public resource that will help researchers find genes that are associated with human health and disease. The following authors are members of this group (institutions and authors are listed alphabetically (except for chairs/co-chairs, who are listed first); author affiliations are detailed in the online supplementary information S1 (box)): Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Group Vanderbilt University: Ellen Wright Clayton (co-chair) | University of Montréal: Bartha M. Knoppers (co-chair) | Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Renzong Qiu | Genetic Interest Group: Alastair Kent | Howard University: Georgia M. Dunston | Kyoto University: Kazuto Kato | Nagasaki University: Norio Niikawa | University of Oklahoma: Morris W. Foster | University of Ibadan: Isaac F. Adewole | Wellcome Trust: Jessica Watkin Community Engagement/Public Consultation and Sample Collection Groups Beijing Normal University and Beijing Genomics Institute: Houcan Zhang and Changqing Zeng | Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Shinshu University and Eubios Ethics Institute: Ichiro Matsuda, Yoshimitsu Fukushima, Darryl R. Macer and Eiko Suda | Howard University and University of Ibadan: Charles N. Rotimi, Clement A. Adebamowo, Toyin Aniagwu, Patricia A. Marshall, Olayemi Matthew, Chibuzor Nkwodimmah and Charmaine D. M. Royal | University of Utah: Mark F. Leppert and Missy Dixon Populations and Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Initial Planning Group David L. Valle (chair), Ellen Wright Clayton (co-chair), Lynn B. Jorde (co-chair), John W. Belmont, Aravinda Chakravarti, Mildred K. Cho, Troy Duster, Morris W. Foster, Marla Jasperse, Bartha M. Knoppers, Pui-Yan Kwok, Julio Licinio, Jeffrey C. Long, Patricia A. Marshall, Pilar N. Ossorio, Vivian Ota Wang, Charles N. Rotimi, Charmaine D. M. Royal, Patricia Spallone and Sharon F. Terry Genotyping centres Baylor College of Medicine and ParAllele BioScience: Richard A. Gibbs, John W. Belmont, Paul Hardenbol, Thomas D. Willis and Fuli Yu | Broad Institute: David Altshuler and Stacey B. Gabriel | Chinese HapMap Consortium: Huanming Yang, Lan-Yang Ch'ang, Wei Huang, Bin Liu, Yan Shen, Paul Kwong-Hang Tam, Lap-Chee Tsui, Mary Miu Yee Waye, Jeffrey Tze-Fei Wong, Changqing Zeng and Qingrun Zhang | Illumina: Mark S. Chee, Luana M. Galver, Semyon Kruglyak, Sarah S. Murray and Arnold R. Oliphant | McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre: Alexandre Montpetit, Thomas J. Hudson, Fanny Chagnon, Vincent Ferretti, Martin Leboeuf, Michael S. Phillips and Andrei Verner | University of California at San Francisco and Washington University: Pui-Yan Kwok, Shenghui Duan, Denise L. Lind, Raymond D. Miller, John P. Rice, Nancy L. Saccone, Patricia Taillon-Miller and Ming Xiao | University of Tokyo and RIKEN: Yusuke Nakamura, Akihiro Sekine, Koki Sorimachi, Toshihiro Tanaka, Yoichi Tanaka, Tatsuhiko Tsunoda and Eiji Yoshino | Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute: David R. Bentley, Panos Deloukas and Don Powell Analysis groups Broad Institute: David Altshuler, Mark J. Daly and Stephen F. Schaffner | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Lincoln D. Stein, Fiona Cunningham, Ardavan Kanani and Gudmundur A. Thorisson | Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: Aravinda Chakravarti, Peter E. Chen, David J. Cutler, Carl S. Kashuk and Shin Lin | University of Oxford: Peter Donnelly, Jonathan Marchini, Gilean A. T. McVean and Simon R. Myers | University of Oxford/Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics: Lon R. Cardon, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Andrew Morris and Bruce S. Weir | US National Institutes of Health: James C. Mullikin, Stephen T. Sherry and Michael Feolo SNP discovery Baylor College of Medicine: Richard A. Gibbs, John W. Belmont, Erica Sodergren and George M. Weinstock | Broad Institute: Bruce W. Birren | Washington University: Richard K. Wilson and Lucinda L. Fulton | Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute: Jane Rogers Scientific management Chinese Academy of Sciences: Hua Han | Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology: Hongguang Wang | Genome Canada: Martin Godbout and John C. Wallenburg | Génome Québec: Paul L'Archevêque and Guy Bellemare | Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology: Kazuo Todani, Takashi Fujita and Satoshi Tanaka | The SNP Consortium: Arthur L. Holden and Eric H. Lai | US National Institutes of Health: Francis S. Collins, Jean E. McEwen, Vivian Ota Wang, Lisa D. Brooks, Mark S. Guyer, Elke Jordan, Jane L. Peterson, Jack Spiegel, Lawrence M. Sung and Lynn F. Zacharia | Wellcome Trust: Karen Kennedy, Michael G. Dunn, Richard Seabrook, Mark Shillito, Barbara Skene and John G. Stewart Methods Initial Planning Group Eric S. Lander (chair), Eric H. Lai (co-chair), Deborah A. Nickerson (co-chair), Gonçalo R. Abecasis, David Altshuler, David R. Bentley, Michael Boehnke, Lon R. Cardon, Mark J. Daly, Panos Deloukas, Julie A. Douglas, Stacey B. Gabriel, Richard R. Hudson, Thomas J. Hudson, Leonid Kruglyak, Pui-Yan Kwok, Yusuke Nakamura, Robert L. Nussbaum, Charmaine D. M. Royal, Stephen F. Schaffner, Stephen T. Sherry, Lincoln D. Stein and Toshihiro Tanaka

Supplementary information

Glossary

ADMIXTURE MAPPING STUDY

Mapping genes that affect a phenotype on the basis of the linkage disequilibrium generated in a population that is formed by admixture between groups that differ in allele frequencies and the frequency of the phenotype.

ASSOCIATION STUDY

A set of methods that are used to correlate polymorphisms in genotype to polymorphisms in phenotype in populations.

BOTTLENECKS

A temporary reduction in population size that might cause the loss of genetic variation.

FAMILY-LINKAGE STUDY

A study that examines DNA sequence variants in families having multiple members with a disease, to map the genomic location of genes that affect the disease.

FOUNDER EFFECTS

A relatively high frequency of an allele in a population because it was founded by a small set of individuals who had the allele at a higher frequency than in the parent population.

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The International HapMap Consortium. Integrating ethics and science in the International HapMap Project.Nat Rev Genet 5, 467–475 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1351

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